Post on 10-Mar-2018
Plant Growth and Development Part IPlant Growth and Development Part I
Levels of Organization
Whole PlantWhole Plant
OrgansOrgans
TissuesTissues
CellsCells
OrganellesOrganelles
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Levels of Organization
Whole PlantWhole Plant
OrgansOrgans
TissuesTissues
CellsCells
OrganellesOrganelles
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Plant Cells
Differentiation in CellsDifferentiation in Cells Refers to the process by which distinct
plant cells arise from precursor cells and become different than each otherbecome different than each other
Unique adaptation of plants
Levels of Organization
Whole PlantWhole Plant
OrgansOrgans
TissuesTissues
CellsCells
OrganellesOrganelles
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Plant Tissues – Xylem and PhloemPlant Tissues Xylem and Phloem
= xylem•Transports water and minerals from the roots to the plant parts•Moves only in one direction
= phloemM h h ( )•Moves photosynthates (sugars)
throughout the plant•Moves both directions
These internal tissues are also important for supporting the plant….
Movement of water through the plant: Transpiration Stomata – microscopic openings, usually
on the bottom of a leaf, important for gas exchange and transpiration
http://www.fairchildgarden.org/EduProfDev/Leaf_anatomy.htmlHeat
Vascular cambiumVascular cambium
•Located between the xylem and phloemp•Produces new xylem and phloem tissue•Responsible for increasing stem diameter
Vascular cambium
stem diameter.
Phloem, Xylem and the Cambium Layery y
Knowing the cambium layer is important when looking at wood boring insectsKnowing the cambium layer is important when looking at wood boring insects and disease – such as mountain pine beetle
Knowing the Cambium Layer is Important for Plant Grafting
Or, why leaving trees tied for too long or
Why letting the 13‐year‐old weed whipWhy letting the 13 year old weed whip around trees
Is a bad thing…
VASCULAR BUNDLE
PHLOEM
V SCU UN
XYLEM
CAMBIUM
PITH
EPIDERMIS
http://www.fairchildgarden.org/EduProfDev/Leaf_anatomy.htmlhttp://www.fairchildgarden.org/EduProfDev/Leaf_anatomy.html
Vascular Bundle ArrangementVascular Bundle Arrangement
pf.,
1981
pf
., 19
81
oduc
tion,
od
uctio
n, S
tosk
opSt
osko
prs
tand
ing
rsta
ndin
g C
rop
Pro
Cro
p Pr
oU
nder
Und
er
Monocot (grass) Dicot (broadleaf)
Levels of organization
Whole PlantWhole Plant
OrgansOrgans
TissuesTissues
CellsCells
OrganellesOrganelles
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Vegetative Organs (plant parts)Vegetative Organs (plant parts)
StemStemLeafRootRootShootB dBud
Asexual (vegetative) Reproduction
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
Offspring arise from a single parent
The Function of StemsThe Function of Stems
Mechanical support and ec a ca suppo t a ddisplay
Movement of water and minerals up to the leaves
Movement of photosynthates (sugars) to other parts of the plants
A l tiAsexual propagationStorage
http://www.gimcracker.com/blab/archives/2002 12.html
Modified Stems
Can grow above and below ground
Crown
and below ground
Stolon
Rhizome
Corm
Bulb
Tuber
Spur
Woody StemsWoody Stems
ShootShootSoft young stem with leaves
TwigTwigDormant stem one year old
BranchStem over one year old
TrunkMain stem of a woody planty p
The Parts of a Woody StemThe Parts of a Woody Stem
22
Parts of a Plant ShootParts of a Plant Shoot
Leaf primordiaLeaf primordia
Shoot apexTh ti f th h tThe tip of the shoot
Axillary bud
Parts of a Plant ShootParts of a Plant Shoot
NodeNodeArea on the stem where a leaf anotherwhere a leaf, another stem, or flower bud is located
InternodeSpace between theSpace between the nodes on a stem
Vegetative BudsVegetative BudsA bud is an undeveloped shoot that producesshoot that produces leaves and/or flower parts
Determining One Year’s GrowthDetermining One Year s Growth
A Plant’s Life Cycle – AnnualsA Plant s Life Cycle Annuals
AnnualsAnnualsCompletes life cycle in 1 year
Grow, mature, bloom, produce seed and die
l l h i Summer annuals complete their life cycle in spring and summer
Winter annuals complete theirWinter annuals complete their life cycle during the fall and winter.
Usually easy to pull out of the ground
Summer Annual WeedsSummer Annual Weeds
Black medicBlack medic
Pigweed
i l dPineapple weed
Purslane
Winter Annual WeedsWinter Annual Weeds
ChickweedChickweed
Henbit
Penny cress
A Plant’s Life Cycle – BiennialsA Plant s Life Cycle Biennials BiennialsRequires all or part of 2 years to complete its life cycley
Vegetative 1st yearOverwinters Fl d f i 2nd Flowers and fruits 2nd year
Bolting (flowering in oneBolting (flowering in one year) may occur in extreme environmental conditions
A Plant’s Life Cycle – PerennialsA Plant s Life Cycle Perennials
PerennialsPerennialsLive for many years
WoodyTrees and shrubs
HerbaceousWhat are the issues with reading about herbaceous perennialsDie back to the ground
in Montana
herbaceous perennials on the Internet or in popular publications?
How about leaves?How about leaves?
Dartmouth.edu
The inside story
http://www.fairchildgarden.org/EduProfDev/Leaf_anatomy.htmlhttp://www.fairchildgarden.org/EduProfDev/Leaf_anatomy.html
Functions of LeavesFunctions of Leaves
Food manufacture – photosynthesisFood manufacture photosynthesis
Functions of LeavesFunctions of Leaves
Protection of delicate tissues like budsProtection of delicate tissues like budsBud scales
Floral bractsFloral bracts
Sepals
St C t l d b lbStorage – Cotyledons, bulbs
Plant Identification KeyPlant Identification Key
Blade (lamina)Leaf StructureStructure
Apex BaseApex
Vein
Margin Petiole
Types of Leaves – VenationTypes of Leaves Venation
Monocot (grass) Dicot (broadleaf)
Types of Leaves – Simple LeavesTypes of Leaves Simple Leaves
Types of Leaves – Compound LeavesTypes of Leaves Compound Leaves
Leaf ArrangementLeaf Arrangement
Opposite Whorled Alternate
Leaf Shapes and MarginsLeaf Shapes and Margins
Plant Identification KeyPlant Identification Key
RootsRoots
AnchoragegNutrient and water absorptionStorageStorageAerial supportP i ( i )Propagation (sometimes)
Roots that are not growing cannot absorb nutrients
Cross Section of a RootCross Section of a Root Root cap Protection Protection
Apical meristem region Cell division
Elongation Pushes root through soil
Differentiation Differentiation Root hairs and secondary
roots Root hairs Root hairs Absorb water and
nutrients
RootsRoots
Modified RootsSwollen root
P tProp roots
Radicle
Reproductive OrgansReproductive Organs
FlowersFlowers
Fruits
Flower buds
SeedsSeeds
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
Parts of a FlowerSepal
Usually green; protect the flower when it is in bud
PetalAttract pollinators
Pistil ♀♀StigmaStigma
Pollen falls and developsStyle
Stalklike part between the stigma and ovary
OvaryEnlarged part of the Pistil that containing ovules
Stamen ♂♂Anther
The part of the stamen that contains the pollen
FilamentStalk of the stamen
Parts of a Flower
♀♀ -- PistilPistil
StiStiStigmaStigma
StyleStyleStyleStyle
♂♂ -- StamenStamen
AntherAnther
Fil tFil tFilamentFilament
How about flowers . . .How about flowers . . .
♂ ♀♀
“My squash is putting out a lot of flowers, but I am not getting any fruit…”
How about flowers . . .
♂ ♀♂ ♀
How about flowers . . .How about flowers . . .
Not all flowers have both ot a o e s a e botmale and female parts
Some plants may containSome plants may contain only male or female flowers♂
We will discuss this more in following classes
♂g
♀♀
Composite FlowersComposite Flowers
Inflorescence (Flower) TypesInflorescence (Flower) Types
Plant Identification KeyPlant Identification Key
Questions?Questions?