Post on 26-Dec-2015
Plant Adaptations
Challenges to Life on Land
Plant Adaptation
1. Obtaining Resources
a. Below ground- roots absorb water & mineralsb. above ground- shoots bear leaves which photosynthesize
2. Staying upright a. lignin: a chemical that hardens the cell wall
Plant Adaptations
Challenges to Life on Land
Plant Adaptation
3. Maintaining Moisture a.waxy cuticle coats the leaves & stems, helping them to retain water.b.gases are exchanged through stomata (tiny pores in leaf’s surface)• guard cells- regulate the
opening/closing of each stoma• open at night to allow for gas
exchange• closed during the day to prevent
evaporation of water
Plant Adaptations
Challenges to Life on Land
Plant Adaptation
4. Reproduction- a. produce gametes in a protective jacket b. sperm travel in pollen grains, which are moved by wind or animalsc. eggs remain inside tissues of “mother” plant & are fertilized thered. embryos dispersed in protective seeds
Animal Adaptations--Innate Behaviors (Ch. 33, Section 1)
Innate behavior- inherited behavior of animals Natural Selection- Individuals with
behavior that makes them more successful at surviving and reproducing often produce more offspring than individuals without the behaviors.
Offspring inherit genetic basis for successful behavior
Reflex- simple, automatic response to a stimulus that involves no conscious control Ex: when you touch a hot stove, you
jerk your hand away from the hot surface
Animal Adaptations--Innate Behaviors
Fight-or-Flight response- when you are scared, your body is prepared to either fight or run from the danger Automatic Controlled by
hormones and the nervous system
Innate Behaviors--Instincts
Instinct- complex pattern of innate behaviors
Courtship behavior- behavior that males and females of a species carry out before mating
Territoriality- an animal defends a physical space against other members in its species Territory may contain
breeding areas, feeding areas, or potential mates
Doves in courtship flight.
Innate Behaviors--Instincts
Aggressive behavior- used to intimidate another animal of the same species Defend young, their
territory, or resources Ex: bird calling, teeth
baring, growling
Dominance hierarchy- form of social ranking within a group Usually one top-
ranking, dominant individual
Individuals in each level subordinate to the one above
Innate behavior
Circadian rhythm- 24-hour, light-regulated, sleep/wake cycle of behavior Diurnal- animals active during the day Nocturnal- animals active at night
Innate Behaviors--Instincts
Migration- instinctive, seasonal movement of animals Ex: 2/3 of birds in N.
America fly south in the fall to area such as S. America where food is available during the winter
Birds fly north in the spring to breed during summer
Innate Behaviors--Instincts
Hibernation- period of dormancy during cold months Period of biological rest or inactivity Food supplies are limited. Animal lives off its fat
stores. Metabolism, breathing, and body temp. drop to
conserve energy.
Estivation- dormancy in hot climates Ex: desert animals estivate in response to lack of
food or periods of drought
Learned Behaviors (33.2)
Learned behavior- behavior changes through practice or experience Learned behaviors are more common in vertebrates
(ex: humans), whereas innate behaviors are more common in invertebrates.
Learning has survival value for animals in a changing environment. Allows an animal to adapt to change
Learned Behaviors
Type of Learning
Description Example
Imprinting Rapid form of learning that occurs during a critical period of development
Some birds, duckling following mother
Habituation An animal learns not to respond to a stimulus without punishment or reward.
Dogs stop barking at familiar people entering the house. Horses become habituated to the city and ignore cars and noisy streets.
Learned Behaviors
Type of Learning
Description Example
Reasoning (insight)
Ability to solve unfamiliar problems in a new situation.
An octopus unscrews a jar to get food.
Spatial (Latent) Ability to create a mental map of the environment.
Blue jays know where they have hidden food, even if food is stored in up to 100 locations.
Learned Behaviors
Type of Learning
Description Example
Classical Conditioning
Associate a stimulus with a response that would not normally occur.
Pavlov’s dogs salivate at the sound of the bell.
Operant Conditioning
Associate an activity with a consequence
Toads flick their tongues at flying insects. If they are stung by a bee, they will learn not to flick their tongues at striped insects.
Pavlov’s Dogs
Pavlov noted that dogs salivate when they smell food.
Responding to the smell of food is a reflex, a type of innate behavior.
Pavlov rang a bell when he gave the dog food. Pavlov developed an association between the food and ringing bell.
Eventually, the dog salivated at the sound of the bell alone.
Structural Plant Adaptations
Physical traits to discourage herbivores from eating them Spines, thorns,
leathery leaves
Some plants produce chemicals that are poisonous or have a foul odor Milkweed, tobacco,
peyote cactus
Thorns on a Rose Bush
Structural Plant Adaptations
Venus flytrap catches insects with modified leaves.
Seed dispersal adaptations Some seeds have spines
that attach to animal fur Some seeds have
watertight buoyant outer shells
Other seeds have “wings” or “parachutes used to harness the wind
Sycamore seeds
Behavioral Plant Adaptations
Behavior- response to internal and external stimuli by an organism
Tropisms- growth of a plant in response to a stimulus. Positive tropisms-
toward the stimulus Negative tropisms-
away from the stimulus
Gravitropism
Behavioral Plant Adaptations
Phototropism- response to light Shoots and stems are
postively phototropic Roots are negatively
phototropic
Geotropism (or gravitropism)- plant’s response to gravity Roots are positively
geotropic Stems and leaves are
negatively geotropic
Behavioral Plant Adaptations
Thigmotropism- response to touch Climbing plants have
weak stems and will wrap around another plant, wall, fence, etc.
Kudzu, honeysuckle, beans
Other Plant Behaviors
Nastic movements- responses of plants to stimulus regardless of direction Flowers opening and closing
in response to light Mimosa leaves curling up
when touched by an object or blown by wind
Carnivorous plants close in response to something touch little hair-like structures inside their leaves ex: Venus flytrap Venus flytrap
Other Plant Behaviors
Circadian rhythms- behavior cycles that follow 24 hr. patterns of activity Some plants fold their
leaves and flowers at night and open them during the day
Other plants secrete perfumes and nectars when pollinators are active