P R O F. S U B O D H S HA N KA R , F I T P

D e a n , F a c u l t y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e & P l a n n i n g , I n t e g r a l U n i v e r s i t y , L u c k n o w

F o r m e r C h i e f A r c h i t e c t P l a n n e r, U . P. H o u s i n g & D e v . B o a r d

Planning & Urban ManagementIssues and Challenges

Urban Planning

Urban Planning means the scientific , aesthetic and orderly disposition of Land, Resources, Facilities, and Services with a view of securing the Physical, Economic and Social efficiency, health and well being of Urban Communities.

Urban Planning integrates land-use, environment, transportation & services to improve economic and social environment of cities

Urban Management Key Issues

Rapid Urban Growth- PURA (provision of urban facilities in rural areas)

Basic Services- Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Waste Disposal etc

Traffic & Transportation- congestion; safety; parking

Land Acquisition & Management- land pooling; rationalize demand

Environmental Degradation- adoption of green concepts

Participatory Planning

Urban Management Key Challenges

Urban Poverty- employment oriented development

Urban Sprawl- compact urban form; mixed land use

Sustainability – economic; environmental

Urban Administration – Decentralized ; 74 Constitutional Amendment Act

Global Aspirations

Heritage Conservation

Capacity Building- professional city managers

Rapid Urban Population Growth- India

Over the last two decades, India's urban population increased from 217 million to 377 million and this is expected to reach 600 million, or 40 % of the population by 2031.

In 2011 it was 31.16%

Urban Poverty

In 2011-12, the Planning Commission had estimated 26.4 per cent of urban India’s total population to be poor as per the methodology laid down by the Rangarajan committee.

However, The Tendulkar panel’s yardsticks put that figure at 13.7 per cent

Urban Inequality increased from 34 %to 38% between 1995-2005

Basic Services: Water Supply

Only 47 % of urban households have individual water connections.

Currently, it is estimated that as much as 40 to 50 per cent of the water is “lost” in the distribution system.

Almost half of the urban Indian population still depends upon groundwater sources which are contaminated

Only 77 of 393 Class 1 Cities have 100% water supply coverage.

Mumbai draws water from neighbouring areas and from sources located as far as 125 km in the Western Ghats.

Chennai uses water express trains to meets its growing demand for water.

Delhi meets large part of its water requirements from Tajiwala in Haryana. Water is also drawn from Ramganga as far as 180 Km

Basic Services: Sanitation

Over 50% of Indians don’t have access to a toilet, and India accounts for 59% of the 1.1 billion people who defecate in the open worldwide.

All Class I cities and Class II towns together generate an estimated 30,000 MLD sewage.

Against this, installed sewage treatment capacity is only 6000 MLD (20%)

Most of the untreated sewage is discharged into rivers, ponds or lakes, which is the main source of municipal water.

Basic Services: Solid Waste Disposal

Around 60 million tones of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in urban India annually

With rapid urbanization and changing lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste will increase significantly

e-Waste is of immediate and long term concern as the industry is unregulated and recycling can lead to major environmental degradation

City Drainage

“Heavy development has destroyed green spaces and mangrove forests, its natural flood protection”

Experts say they’d be right: One runway traverses the Adyar river, which burst its banks after some of the heaviest cloudbursts in the area in over a century swamped Chennai

“The authorities and the airlines just have commercial and political interests in mind. Safety is the last avenue.”

Traffic & Transportation

The annual rate of growth of vehicle pop.: around 10% during last decade.

Mixed Traffic Dwindling share of Non-motorised

Transportation

Acute shortage of parking spaces both on and off the streets

Heavy encroachment at major roads and junctions.

10 percent of the world’s road fatalities (130,000) occur in India alone.

Environmental Degradation

India is the fourth largest emitter of CO2

627,000 people die every year of particulate air pollution

Native forests in India are disappearing at a rate of up to 2.7 percent per year

Air Quality Index (AQI) December 3, 2015

City AQI

Agra 333Bangalore 59Delhi 321Hyderabad 91Jaipur 41Lucknow 408Mumbai 126Pune 211Varanasi 302Ground-level ozone,

Particle pollution Carbon monoxide,Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide.

 Green CoverSq M per inhabitant

Gandhinagar 162.80Chandigarh 54.45Delhi 21.52Bangalore 17.32Jaipur 02.30Mumbai 00.60Chennai 01.92Kolkata 32.50Singapore 13.60London 21.90

Slums

13.8 million households – about 64 million people – located in city slums nationwide.

17.4 % of all urban households - roughly one-third of India's 1.2 billion people.

More than one-third of slum homes have no indoor toilets and 64 percent were not connected to sewerage systems.

About half of the households lived in only one room or shared with another family.

Urban Land Crunch

Developed Land- Shortage and high pricing

Land Acquisition Act – 1894 and 2011/2014?

Land Development Norms- Density, FAR

Compact City form

Coordination of Civic Affairs through 74 Constitutional Amendment Act-1992 ???

The people to take part in the issues that affected them directly.

The municipalities to be made responsible for urban planning, land use, water supply, roads, bridges, health sanitation slum improvement etc. in addition irrigation, libraries, cultural activities etc added to the local government’s share of responsibilities.

The authority to take decisions on these subjects was to be transferred by the state governments to the municipalities.

CURITIBA(BRAZIL)

Success Storey

Urban Management-Curitiba (Brazil)

Innovative managerial skills of Architect Turned 3 time Mayor Jaime Lerner“Fewer Cars and Separated Garbage” Trinary System- Integration of mass transit access roads and Land Use together (Dense

development along traffic corridors)

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)- carries 2.6 million people per day

Overnight conversion of busy though fares in -to pedestrianized Public Spaces with the help of students art work etc

Expanded Parks and Public Space for Greener Future- Increased green space from 1 Sq.M. To 52 Sq.M. per each inhabitant- Sheeps grazed the grass and produced manure, also gave wool fibre.

Turned Rubbish into opportunity- Bus or Movie tickets in exchange

GDP of Curitiba increased by 48% more than that of Brazil

Curitiba- BRT system

• 351 tube stations on the main bus line

• Tube stations sleek and modern

• Passengers pay when they enter the station

• Bus doors correspond with station doors

Curitiba- Transit oriented Land use Policy

Dense development along main traffic corridors

Curitiba

Conversion of busy though -fares in -to pedestrianized Public Spaces

Curitiba- Garbage Recycling through Complementary Currency

Anyone who deposited a bag full of pre-sorted garbage received a bus token.

Plastic chits for paper & carton collectors, exchangeable for parcels of seasonal fresh fruits and vegetables.

For every 4 pounds of recycling garbage a pound of fruits, vegetable and eggs,

In addition, a school-based garbage collection program supplied poorer students with notebooks.

More than 70% of Curitiban households became involved in the programs.

The 62 poorer neighborhoods alone exchanged 11,000 tons of garbage for nearly a million bus tokens and 1,200 tons of food

Curitiba

Enhancement of Green Cover from 1% to 58%

Jaime Lerner- Architect- Planner turned Politician

Born December 17, 1937

Mayor of Curitiba- 1971-75, 1979-84 and 1989-92

Governor of the state of Paraná, Brazil

o Helped create the Institute of Urban Planning and Research of Curitiba

o Past President- International Union of Architects-UIA(2002-05)

o Recipient of U.N. Environmental Award(1990)

Transformed Curitiba into one of the greenest cities in the world

Introduced BRT system in Curitiba

Introduced concept of “ Garbage that is not Garbage”

Achieved Pedestrianisation of the main shopping thoroughfare within 72 hours

Made possible Increasing of green space from 1 Sq.M. To 52 Sq.M.

Jaime Lerner- Integrate Compatible Urban Functions

Hats off Jaime