Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK and

Serpil KARADAG University of Harran Faculty of Agriculture

Department of Horticulture 63200 Sanliurfa

TURKEY E-mail: beak@harran.edu.tr

Pistachio production and industry in Turkey: current status and future

perspective

GREMPA Meeting, Meknes (Morocco), 12-14 May 2015

Pistachio Pistacia vera is native to north Afghanistan, northeast Iran

and central Asian republics. The largest concentration of Pistacia species is found in West Asia and in Mediterranean region. Except Pistacia vera, the other genus called as wild. The wild Pistacia widely distributed from the Eastern Mediterranean through the Southeast Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan to the whole area of Northern and western Pakistan.

In these part of world wild pistachio such as P. terebinthus, P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, etc. Pistachio trees are like forest in Afghanistan. These suitable source to use as source of germplasm.

Pistachio grows 30-45 latitude

World Pistachio production (ton)

COUNTRY 2010 2011 2012 2013 Average Rate %

IRAN 446.647 472.097 472.097 478.600 467.360 48,86

USA 236.775 201.395 249.930 196.930 221.258 23,13

TURKEY 128.000 112.000 150.000 88.600 119.650 12,51

SYRIA 57.471 55.610 57.195 54.516 56.198 5,88

Greece 8.998 9.580 10.000 11.000 9.895 1,03

Italy 3.115 3.079 2.850 3.202 3.062 0,32

Afganistan 2.000 2.000 2.100 2.100 2.050 0,21

Tunusia 2.300 2.100 1.400 1.200 1.750 0,18

Australia 1.000 1.792 1.800 1.850 1.611 0,17

Madagascar 187 1.000 1.900 1.900 1.247 0,13

Krygyzystan 800 888 888 948 881 0,09

Jordan 623 630 675 732 665 0,07

Pakistan 663 659 655 659 659 0,07

Uzbekistan 200 222 225 233 220 0,02

Morocco 78 75 80 80 78 0,01

DÜNYA 947.197 937.517 1.024.149 916.921 956.446 100,00

The rate of Pistachio Producer Countries

PISTACHIO PRODUCIR CITIES IN TURKEY

ORDER CITIES AREA

(da) PRODUCTION (tonnnes)

2011 2012 2013 2014 Average 1 Şanlıurfa 885.071 36.619 49.236 30.574 21.494 34.481

2 Gaziantep 1.298.452 36.853 56.233 9.936 17.231 30.063

3 Siirt 190.663 12.617 17.478 18.831 15.228 16.039

4 Adıyaman 248.538 9.263 7.135 8.460 9.704 8.641

5 K.Maraş 66.603 4.892 4.914 5.245 2.438 4.372

6 Kilis 59.477 1.331 1.786 3.115 2.349 2.145

7 Manisa 10.490 1.326 1.674 1.677 2.045 1.681

8 Diyarbakır 4.442 702 1.999 1.978 1.511 1.548

9 Mardin 10.141 1.319 1.576 1.661 1.213 1.442

10 Mersin 4.990 1.371 1.365 1.310 1.232 1.320

11 İzmir 6.680 1.145 1.173 1.255 1.281 1.214 12 Çanakkale 4.704 780 787 783 769 780 13 Batman 20.773 935 675 652 692 739 14 Denizli 353 592 734 735 718 695 15 Konya 165 305 945 76 44 343

Others 11.796 1.950 2.290 2.312 2.051 2.151 TURKEY 2.823.338 112.000 150.000 88.600 80.000 107.650

PROVINCES

Number of trees

Bearing Trees

Non-Bearing

Production

(Tonnnes)

Şanlıurfa 15.685.845 11.018.310 4.667.535 30 574

Gaziantep 19.796.353 16.188.714 3.607.639 9 936

Adıyaman 4.758.284 3.789.780 968.504 8 460

Kilis 578.634 520.770 57.864 3 115

Diyarbakır 223.355 135.512 87.843 1 978

Mardin 321.606 178.157 146.449 1 661

Batman 339.040 108.710 230.330 652

Şırnak 22.972 7.360 15.612 29

TOTAL 41.726.089 31.947.313 9.781.776 56 405

TURKEY 50.122.390 38.116.209 12.006.181 88 600

Pistachio tree number and yield in some cities Southeast Anatolia Region (in 2013 yılı)

Pistacia spp. Pistacia vera is native to north Afghanistan, northeast Iran

and central Asian republics. The largest concentration of Pistacia species is found in West Asia and in Mediterranean region. Except Pistacia vera, the other genus called as wild. The wild pistacia widely distributed from the Eastern Mediterranean through the Southeast Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan to the whole area of Northern and western Pakistan.

In these part of world wild pistachio such as P. terebinthus, P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, etc. Pistachio trees are like forest in Afghanistan. These suitable source to use as source of germplasm.

Pistacia spp. general information

• Decidious (Except P. Lentiscus)

• Male and female flowers are borne

separate trees (Dioecious)

• No any incompatibility between the males

and females

• They can be used as rootstocks

• They are different traits as rootstocks.

TURKEY’S PRODUCTION-2013

Siirt 18.831 ton

Şanlıurfa 30.574 ton Gaziantep

9.936 ton

Adıyaman 8.460 ton

Kaynak; TUİK 2014 Batman 652 ton

TÜRKİYE SİYASİ HARİTASI

The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.

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8 Dişi 1 Erkek Dikim sistemi ( x : Erkek Ağaç, o : Dişi Ağaç )

What are the traits of a good male pistachio tree? 1. Growth must be strong and upright; 2. The flowering period must be synchronized; 3. Flowering period of the male should be long enough to overlap the flowering period of females; 4. The number of clusters must be high; 5. Flower clusters must be big sized; 6. The amount of pollen production in each cluster must be high; 7. Yield potential must be high; 8. The germination rate of pollen must be high; 9. The pollen's viability in vivo must be long; 10. It must not show alternate bearing (Ak et al., 1998; Ak, 2001).

The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.

Irrigation • Scion lenght and number

• Leaf number and size

• Alternate Bearing

• Yield

• Fruit size

• Splitting rate

• Blank fruit rate (Goldhamer,1995)

IRRIGATION • Turkey • Syria No irrigation • Iran Furrow irrigation method

between the rows. Rootstock : P. vera Badami Cultivar (Resistant

to Phytophthor) • U.S.A. Furrow, Drip ve Mini sprink Rootstock : UCB I, PG II

Soil

Types

YIELD PER TREE (Kg)

Irrgated

Orchard

Non-Irrigated

Orchard

Average

Poor 21.80*

(12.58)**

15.90

(9.22)

18.85

(10.90)

Fertile 31.00

(17.04)

25.87

(13.50)

28.44

(15.27)

Average

26.40

(14.81)

20.88

(11.36)

23.64

(13.09)

*: Fresh fruit weight (15 tree average) **: Sun dried fruit weight.

Furrow Irrigation

•Yielding will be increased 38%

•Under modern conditions, 220 kg/da yield,

•In dry conditions 80-100 kg/da yield

•3-5 year early bearing • High quality, regular yielding

WHY SHOULD WE IRRIGATE PISTACHIO TREES?

• In Turkey pistachio was

growing under arid, stony

and sloping marginal

areas.

33

Plantation under dry conditions

8 x 8 m 16 tree/da 10 x 10 m 10 tree/da

6 x 4 m 41 tree/da 7 x 3 m 47 tree/da

6 x 4 m 41 tree/da 7 x 3 m 47 tree/da

Pistachio Plantation in irrigated conditions

35

Different method of irrigation developped by farmers

Effect of irrigation and cultivar on yield

Irrigated Siirt 262 kg/da Uzun 179 kg/da Dry Siirt 103 kg/da Uzun 59 kg/da

%46

%74

%272

Fruit Development

(Ayfer, 1967)

16.06.2004 30.07.2004

Correct = Wrong Irrigation

Irrigated pistachio tree 51

The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.

Soil and Leaf analyzing is necessary for Suitable Fertilization

For this reason soil and leaf sampling form and time is very important.

Soil Sampling 61

For leaf;

The best time is Meyveye Ben Düşme Zamanı just shown below. Generally it is 16-31 July.

GÜBRELEME Banda uygulama

Traktörle bant açma

The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.

Before pruning and after

The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.

Pest and Disease

77 Antepfıstığı Pisillidi

(Agonoscena spp.)(Hom:Psyllidae)

Mücadelesi Bileşik yaprakta 25-30 nimf

Ergin boyu ortalama

1.5 mm

78

79

The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.

PISTACHIO VARIETIES GROWN IN TURKEY

• In Turkey, there are main 8 domestic varieties

which are : • Uzun, • Kırmızı, • Halebi, • Siirt, • Beyazben, • Sultani, • Değirmi and Keten Gömleği and • 5 foreign varieties which are Ohadi, Bilgen,

Vahidi, Sefidi and Mümtaz

Registrated new cultivars

2 female

Tekin Barak Yıldızı

4 male Uygur Kaska Öztürk Atlı

Tekin

Tekin

Tekin

84

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50

100

150

200

250

300U

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Siirt

Oh

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Se

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Se

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Se

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4

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Average yield (kg/da) under irrigated conditions (10-14 years old average)

Plantaion Distances: 7 m x 5 m (28 tree/da) Rootstock: Pistacia khinjuk

The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.

Rootstocks for Pistachio

• Pistacia vera, L. • P. khinjuk, Stocks • P. atlantica, Desf. • P. terebinthus, L. • Generally 11 Pistacia spp. And hybrids.

All of them can be used as rootstock to Pistachio except P. lentiscus

P. vera seedling and budding

The importance of Pistachio for Turkish economy

In Turkey

282 000 ha area, 108 000 tonnes production

200 000 family, (1.2 Billion income for economy

Yield of Siirt Cultivar on Some Pistacia rootstocks (kg/tree)

0123456789

P.vera P.khinjuk P.atlantica P.terebinthus

5,93 b6,6 ab

8,27 a

6,14 ab

Verim (kg/ağaç)

Training of farmers

Some research RESULTS shows that;

Fertilization 38 %

Irrigation 35 %

Pruning 17 %

Cultivar 40 %

Harvesting

Two different stage

1. Early (Boz)

To obtain deep green kernel for Baklava, ice crema, or sweet things etc.

It is harvested 20-35 days before normal harvest period.

2. Normal harvest to consume as table pistachio or snack.

124

How to dry of fruits?

CORRECT WRONG On the convey

Openarea

UNDER SUN

İn shade

125

The RESULT • 1. Irrigation problem is solving (+fertilization) • 2. Cultivar is changing • 3. Processing system is changed. No aflatoxin • 4. More information for the farmers • 5. Good Agricultural Practice is accepted by the farmers.

(Especially pesticide usage is low) • The result: High yield, GAP fruits, High incomes. It

needs a good marketing…

Sanliurfa

Thank you very much for your attention

Prof.Dr. Bekir Erol AK E-mail: beak@harran.edu.tr