Physiology of the Eye

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1. Refraction

The bending of light as it travels from less dense medium into a more dense medium.

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2. Divergence

Light rays spread out; Occurs with concave lenses

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3. Convergence

Light rays come together; Occurs with convex lenses

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4. Human Eye

Lens is Biconvex

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5. Image on the retina

Upside down & reversed (inverted)

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6. AccommodationThe ability of the lens to change its shape; helps to achieve sharp focus at close range (<20 ft)

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7. Stereoscopic vision

The ability to see objects in three dimensions; important when driving, parking, climbing stairs, etc.

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8. Peripheral vision

The ability to see to the sides without moving the head

The parts of the retina associated with peripheral vision do not contain cones, so sharp vision & color vision are not possible

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9. Photoreceptor responsible for vision in dim light

Rods

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10. Night blindness

Vitamin A deficiency can contribute to night blindness because it is responsible for converting retineene into rhodopsin; without enough Vitamin A, there is a slow return of dark adaptation

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11. Bright light causes pain

Intense light bleaches rhodopsin & eyes need time to recover & become light adapted

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12. Photoreceptor for fine focus & color vision

Cones

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13. 3 primary colors of vision

Red

Green

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14. True

• There are 3 types of cone receptors, each of which contains its own photochemical sensitive to one of the three wavelengths of primary colors.

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15. True

• Equal stimulation of the 3 types of cones is perceived as white light.

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16. Purkinje shift

Shift from light adaptation (cone reception) to dark adaptation (rod reception) at dusk & vice versa

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17. Afterimages+ Afterimages: carryover of visual impressions is exactly the same as the original stimulus pattern

- Afterimages: carryover of visual impressions appear in a complementary color of the original

18. Visual AcuityThe sharpness or degree of detail the eye can see

Influenced by: brightness or intensity of light, size of object, color of object, and retinal area on which the image of the object falls