PhysiologyPhysiologyCells to Organ Cells to Organ

SystemsSystems

How did Cells Form?How did Cells Form?

• Several Theories of How Cells Formed:– Cells arose in shallow pools containing “soup”

of chemicals. These chemicals become combined and formed cells.

– Cells formed in beds of clay that allowed substances (chemicals) to be contained and produce living things – cells.

– Meteors and asteroids carried water, containing life (cells) to the Earth.

Which Cell Theory Is True?Which Cell Theory Is True?

• We still do not know for sure how cells formed.

All living things perform All living things perform complex chemical activitiescomplex chemical activities“building up and breaking “building up and breaking

down”down”

• MetabolismMetabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing.– In humans these chemical reactions are

ingestion, digestion, respiration, and excretion.

All living things are able to All living things are able to respond to their environmentrespond to their environment

• A stimulusstimulus is something that comes from outside the organism or from within the organism that triggers a reaction.Examples:

cold breezecold breeze

stomach growlstomach growl

• A responseresponse is the reaction that occurs as a result of the stimulus.

Examples:

goose bumpsgoose bumps

eat foodeat food

How Do Living Things Maintain How Do Living Things Maintain Proper TemperatureProper Temperature

• HomeostasisHomeostasis is the ability of an organism to is the ability of an organism to keep the conditions inside the body the same keep the conditions inside the body the same even though external environmental even though external environmental conditions change.conditions change.

• Warm bloodedWarm blooded animals maintain a constant animals maintain a constant body temperature at all times.body temperature at all times.– Examples are man and mammalsExamples are man and mammals

• Cold bloodedCold blooded animals have body animals have body temperatures that change with the temperatures that change with the environment.environment.– Examples are fish and reptilesExamples are fish and reptiles

What Makes Up All Living Things?What Makes Up All Living Things?“The Chemistry Of Life”“The Chemistry Of Life”

• All living things are made of elements and compounds.

What is an What is an ElementElement??

• An element is a pure substance that can not be broken down into any simpler substances.– Only 90 natural elements exist on earth.– Only 11 elements are common in living things.– 4 elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and

hydrogen) make up 96% of the weight of the human body.

What is a What is a CompoundCompound??

• A compound is formed when 2 or more elements join together chemically.– Examples are: water H2O, and sugar C6H12O6

A water molecule is an example of a compound

There are 2 Types of CompoundsThere are 2 Types of Compounds

• Inorganic Compounds: are compounds that do not contain carbon. (carbon dioxide, CO2, is an exception)– Examples: salt NaCl, Ammonia NH3, Rust Fe3O2

• Organic Compounds: are compounds that do contain carbon; many are basic to life.– There are many types of organic compounds

including: carbohydrates, fats, oils, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids.

Organic Compounds - Organic Compounds - CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are the main source of energy for living things.– Examples are sugar, starch (fruits, vegetables)– Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen

and oxygen.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Organic Compounds – Organic Compounds – Fats and OilsFats and Oils

• Fats and oilsFats and oils: known as “lipids” are energy rich compounds. – At room temperature fatsfats are solidsolid and oilsoils

are liquidliquid.– Fats and oils are made of carbon, hydrogen

and oxygen.

Fats and OilsFats and Oils

Organic Compounds - Organic Compounds - ProteinsProteins

• ProteinsProteins are necessary for growth and repair of the body.

• In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, proteins are also made of nitrogen (sometimes made of sulfur and phosphorous).– Amino acids are the building blocks of

proteins.

ProteinsProteins

Organic Compounds - Organic Compounds - EnzymesEnzymes

• EnzymesEnzymes are special proteins that regulate chemical activities in the body.

• EnzymesEnzymes act as catalystscatalysts.– A catalystcatalyst is a substance that speeds up or

slows down a chemical reaction.

EnzymesEnzymes

Organic Compounds – Organic Compounds – Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• Nucleic acidsNucleic acids are the “blue prints” of life.

• They are large compounds that store information that helps the body make the proteins it needs.– Example: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Other Types of NutrientsOther Types of Nutrients

• VitaminsVitamins: are necessary for good health and a healthy body, lack of a vitamin can cause disease.

• MineralsMinerals: regulate body functions, are needed for structure of body parts, maintain good health.

• WaterWater: dissolves and transports materials in the body which is 70% water, also needed for chemical reactions in the body.

What are Calories?What are Calories?

• Food energy is measured in calories.– The USDA recommends daily intake of 2000

calories for most people.– Calorie intake required depends on several

factors including species, age, sex, size and activity level.

– Teenagers have the greatest daily calorie requirement.

What Is Cell Specialization?What Is Cell Specialization?

• In multicellular organisms, cells not In multicellular organisms, cells not only complete its own life activities, but only complete its own life activities, but also performs a function that also performs a function that contributes to the life of the organism.contributes to the life of the organism.

• Within multicellular organisms there is Within multicellular organisms there is division of labor or specialization.division of labor or specialization.– The work of keeping the organism alive is The work of keeping the organism alive is

divided up among different parts of the divided up among different parts of the organism.organism.

Levels of SpecializationLevels of Specialization

Cells combine to form

Tissues combine to form

Organs combine to form

Organ systems combine to form

Organism

More SpecializationMore Specialization

StudentsStudents combine to form combine to form

ClassesClasses combine to form combine to form

GradesGrades combine to form combine to form

SchoolsSchools combine to form combine to form

DistrictDistrict

What are What are TissuesTissues??

• TissuesTissues are cells that are similar in structure and function that combine together.– Example: bone cells form bone tissue– Other examples: muscle tissue, nerve tissue,

connective tissue.

Bone Tissue and Muscle TissueBone Tissue and Muscle Tissue

What are Organs?What are Organs?

• OrgansOrgans are groups of different tissues are groups of different tissues that work together.that work together.– Example: the heart is an organ made of Example: the heart is an organ made of

muscle tissues and blood tissuemuscle tissues and blood tissue– Other organs: brain, stomach, skinOther organs: brain, stomach, skin

Organs – Heart and StomachOrgans – Heart and Stomach

What are Organ Systems?What are Organ Systems?

• Organ systemsOrgan systems are a group of organs working together to perform a specific function for the organism.– Examples: skeletal system, muscular system,

digestive system.

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

• Organs:– Heart– Arteries– Capillaries– Veins– Blood which includes:

• Plasma• Platelets• White blood cells• Red blood cells

– Lymph nodes

• The circulatory circulatory system system is the system of organs which transports materials throughout the body.

Nervous SystemNervous System

• Organs:– Brain– Spinal Cord– Nerves– Sense organs

• The nervous nervous system system is the system which carries impulses throughout an organism, regulates and controls body functions..

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

• Organs:– Bones– Cartilage– Tendons– Ligaments

• The skeletal skeletal system system is composed of the bones and cartilage that support and protect the body of an organism.

Muscular SystemMuscular System

• Organs:– Muscles

• The muscular muscular system system is responsible for the motion of organs and the locomotion of the organism.

Excretory SystemExcretory System

• Organs:– Kidneys– Liver– Ureters– Bladder– Lungs– Skin

• The excretory excretory system system is responsible for the removal of wastes from the organism.

Digestive SystemDigestive System

• Organs:– Mouth– Esophagus– Stomach– Small intestine– Liver– Pancreas– Large intestine

• The digestive digestive system system is a series of organs that breakdown food into simpler forms so it can be absorbed into the body.

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

• Organs:– Nose/mouth– Trachea– Bronchial tubes– Lungs– Diaphragm

• The respiratory respiratory system system is comprised of organs which exchange gasses between the organism and the environment.

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

• Glands:– Pituitary– Thyroid– Pancreas– Adrenal

• The endocrine endocrine system system is comprised of the glands that secrete hormones that regulate body functions.

Reproductive SystemReproductive System

• Organs:– Female

• ovaries

– Male• testes

• The reproductive reproductive system system is comprised of organs that produce gametes (egg and sperm cells) required for creating new organisms.

What are Organisms?What are Organisms?

• OrganismsOrganisms are an entire living thing that carries out all the basic life functions.– Examples: Humans, cat, fish, fly

Some OrganismsSome Organisms

What is a Disease?What is a Disease?

• A disease breaks down the structures or functions of an organism.

• In the human body disease can be infectious or non-infectious.

• Infectious disease is caused by miroorganisms (microbes) and can spread from person to person.

• Non-infectious diseases can not be spread from one organism to another.

PlantsPlantsGreen plants must carry out all the life Green plants must carry out all the life

functions through unique structuresfunctions through unique structures

• Roots absorb water and nutrients from soil and anchor the plant.

• Stems transports water and nutrients to leaves and food throughout the plant.

• Leaves are where gas exchange and photosynthesis takes place.

• Flowers are where reproduction takes place for flowering plants.