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Physico-Chemical Analysis of Industrial Water
Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Shivamogga 1
1. INTRODUCTION :
Water is one of nature's most important gifts to mankind. It is a
chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule
contains one Oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.
Water is liquid at temperature above 0oC (273.15 K) (32oF) at sea level, but
it often co-exists on earth with its solid state, ice and gaseous state (water
vapour or steam).
Water covers 71% of the earth's surface and it is vital for all known
forms of life. On earth 96.5 % of the planets water is found in oceans. 1.7 %
in ground water, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and green
land. A small fraction in other large water bodies and 0.001% in the air as
vapour clouds. Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is fresh water and 98.8% of
the water is in ice and ground water. Less than 0.3% of all fresh water is in
river, lakes and the atmosphere. Now a days these fresh water forms get
polluted by Industrialization and urbanization.
Industries that produce metals, wood, paper, chemicals, gasoline, oils
and most of other products all use water in some part of their production
process. Industry depends on water much like agriculture and domestic
household depends on water. Industrial reliance on water makes it essential
to preserve water in every aspect possible and make sure water pollution iskept at minimal levels.
Total industrial water use in the world is about 22% with high income
countries using 59% and low income countries using a mini scale 8%. These
figures will rise with industrial production.
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Annual water volume use by industry is increasing at an enormous
rate. Annual water volume use will most likely increase from 752 km 3/ year
in 1995 to 1170 km3/ year by the year 2025.
According to UN world water development report, some 300-500
million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge and other wastes
accumulate each year from industry. Most of which gets into the fresh water
supply. In some developing countries 70% of industrial wastes are dumped
into untreated waters, where they pollute the drinking water.
In developing countries 4/5th of all the illness are caused by water
borne diseases, like diarrhoea, being the leading cause of childhood death. It
occurs worldwide and causes 4% of all deaths and 5% of health loss to
disability.
Water borne diseases spread by contamination of drinking watersystems with the urine and faecus of infected animal or people or by
industrial effluents.
In present work, we have made an attempt to analyse the physic-
chemical parameters in turn to check the quality of water which are released
from industries to nearby water bodies.
For our present work we selected the river Tunga Bhadra which flows
through Harihara.
The river Tunga and Bhadra River rise at Gangamoola in Varaha
Parvatha in Western Ghats. The journey of Tunga and the Bhadra is 147 kms
and 171 kms respectively, till they join at Kudli at an elevation of 610 meter
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near Holehonnur, about 15km from Shimoga, then it flows through
Davanagere, Harihara, Basavapatana, Bellary etc. the combined river
continues flowing towards east as Tunga Bhadra rivers a major tributary of
the Kirshna which empties into the Bay of Bengal.
Industrial pollution has damaged the Tunga Bhadra river. Industry and
mining on its banks in the Chikmangaluru, Shimoga, Davanagere, Haveri,
Bellary, Koppala and Raichur districts of Karnataka and Kurnool generates
enormous amounts of effluents. Down river from the industries the water has
turned dark brown and has a pungent odour. Altogether the Tunga Bhadra
river pollution has affected 1,000,000 people in the sub basin as most
villages used the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing
and live stock water.
It is disturbing to note that nearly three Crores of liters of effluents
were being released to the Tunga Bhadra River every year so it is one of themost polluted river in the country.
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water over the ordinary temperature range ( 0-30oC ) Ca and Mg combine
with carbon dioxide to form carbonates and bi-carbonates.
5. Dissolved Oxygen
It is of important for all organisms and considers to be lone factor.
Dissolved oxygen is the measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2)
dissolved in an aqueous medium.
Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by
aeration (rapid movement) and as a water product of photosynthesis.
Total dissolved gas concentration in water should not exceed 110
percent concentration above this level can be harmful to aquatic life.
6. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
It is the amount of oxygen required by aerobic biological organismspresent in water, BOD is higher in polluted water and lesser in drinking
water. Increased BOD lowers the contents of DO in water causing the
suffocating and death of aquatic flora and fauna.
The nutrients cause pollution primarily because they stimulate the
growth of microorganism which often increases BOD of the water. The mostof natural water range from BODs of 0.5 to 0.7 mg/lt oxygen.
7. Phosphate
Phosphate has an important role in growth and development of palnt
and animals. In addition to this particularly plants is an important energy
exchange between ADP and ATP. Phosphate is also an essential component
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of DNA. Phosphate is applied as fertilizer to rectify deficiency of phosphate
in soil.
Phosphate pollution can occur by too much being applied on the little
being taken up by the plants and hence released into water system. This
usually contributes to the entrophication and finally to the ground water.
8. Hardness of water
Hardness of water caused by the concentration of alkaline earth metal
contains is most fresh water, nearly all the hardness is imparted by Ca and
Mg ions which are in combination with bi-carbonates apart from sulphates,
chlorides and Nitrogen.
9. Chloride
Chlorides are usually present in low concentration in natural water and
play metabolically active in photolysis of water and phosphorylation reaction
of autotrophs, their high concentration indicates the rate of pollution which is
either due to organic wastes of animal organ or industrial effluents.
The Maximum Contaminant Level of chloride is 4 mg / lt or 4 ppm.
10. Fluoride
Fluoride compounds are salts that from when the element fluorine,
combine with minerals in soil and rocks, fluoride is used in cleaning or
purifying or water people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of
the MCL over many years could get bone disease ( tenderness of bones).
Children may get mottled teeth.
Maximum contaminant level (MCL) of fluorine in water is 4 mg/lit or
4 ppm
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11. Iron
Pure water has no taste, but water is a natural solvent. Most minerals
from ground water including iron will be absorbed by water, large amount of
iron in water can give an unpleasant metallic taste. Excess of iron in drinking
water may cause a disease called iron overload or disease of
hemochromatosis. Maximum Contamination Level (MCL) of iron in water is
0.3 mg/lit or 0.3 ppm.
12. Nitrate
Nitrates and nitrites are nitrogen-oxygen chemical units which
combined with various organic and inorganic compounds. The greatest use
of nitrates is as a fertilizer.
Maximum Contaminent Level of nitrate in water is 10 mg/lt or 10
ppm.
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2. OBJECTIVES
1. To analyze the physico-chemical parameters of industrial water which
released to near water bodies.
2. To study the effect of polluted water on human and domestic animals.
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3. STUDY AREA
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STUDY AREA
The study area which was selected is situated in Harihara Taluk of
Davangere district, located at the longitude of 14.52oN and Latitude of
75.8oE, which is 72 kms away from Shivamogga.
The samples were collected from Tungabhadra river which flows
besides Grasim Polyfiber industry. Four different samples were collected at
4 different points.
Industrial effluent sample was collected from the outlet of the
industry.
Mixed sample was collected from merging point of river and
industrial effluent water.
Dissolved sample was collected from few distance away from
the mixing point where industrial water is completely dissolved
with river water.
Finally river water was taken as a sample for comparison which
was free of industrial effluents.
All 4 sampling points are the close to industry may be 400-500
meter away from industry.
Four samples were analyzed in lab and results were noted.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
pH Strips
Thermometer
Titration equipments
BOD Bottles
Colorimeter
Chemical reagents and indicators
NaOH 0.025N
Alkaline phosphate iodide.
Phenolphthalein indictor.
Manganous sulphate solution.
Starch Solution.
Sulfuric acid.
Conc. H2SO4
Stannous chloride
Ammonium molybdate
Standard sodium hydrogen phosphate
Water Analysis Kit
It is a field test kit
It has simplified methods to conduct different analysis tests.
Using this kit results can be obtained instantly.
Here, we used water analysis kit to carry several tests like Hardness of
water, chloride, fluoride, iron, and nitrite.
Chemical used during water analysis are of following.
Ammonium buffer
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Erichrome black T
Chromate solution
EDTA Solution
Nitrate reagent BR -15
Nitrate reagent AR
Silver Nitrate
Fluoride Reagent
Iron Reagent
Methods
1) pH:
Water samples were collected from different points. pH was recorded
by using pH papers by matching its colour with pH scale.
If the value pH of the sample shows less than 7 then it is acidic.
If the value pH of the sample shows more than 7 then it is basic.
If the pH shown as 7 then it is neutral.
2. Temperature:
Temperature of the water was measured using thermometer at the
spot.
3. Free Carbon Dioxide
Procedure:
50 ml of sample was taken in a conical flask and 2-3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator was added. The colour turns to pink then it shows
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That free CO2was present. Then this solution was titrated against NaOH. At
the end point of the reaction colour of the solution turns pink to colourless.
Formula:
SampletheofVolume
XXMBRlitermgCO
441000/2
MBR= Mean Burette Reading
4. Dissolved Oxygen
Procedure:
Glass Stoppard BOD bottles were taken whose volumes are
determined. These bottles are filled with samples. And then glass Stoppard 2
ml of manganous sulphate and potassium iodide solutions were added to
each bottles using pippets, Precipitate was appeared. Bottles were Stoppard
and shaken well precipitates are allowed to settle down. Then 2 ml of
sulfuric acid was added. Now the bottles were shaken thoroughly to dissolve
precipitate. .50 ml of sample was taken in a conical flask and few drops of starch
solution is added as an indicator. The sample is titrated against solution of
sodium thiosulphate taken in burette until blue colour turns to colourless.
Formula:
sampletheofVolume
XmXMBR
litermgOD
10008
/..
5. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Procedure:
Samples were kept in BOD bottles in dark condition for 5 days. After
5 days these samples were taken out from dark. To these bottles 2 ml of
manganous sulphates and potassium iodide solutions were added to each
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bottles using pippet, Precipitate was appeared. Bottles were Stopperd and
shaken well. Precipitate was allowed to settle down. Then 2 ml of sulfuric
acid was added. Now the bottles were shaken thoroughly to dissolve
precipitates. A known volume of it was pipetted out into a conical flask few
drops of starch indicator was added. And titrated against sodium thiosulphate
solution until the initial blue colour turns to colour less.
BOD is calculated by comparing initial DO and final DO of the
sample.
Formula:
BottleofVolumeXsampletheofVolume
DOFInalDOInitiallitermgDOB
/..
6. Phosphate
Procedure:50 ml of samples were taken in a conical flask to this 2 ml of
ammonium molybdate and 5 drops of stannous chloride were added. Due to
the presence of phosphate the water samples turns to blue colour. Intensity of
blue colour is directly proportional to the concentration of phosphate.
Readings were taken at 690 nm using colorimeter, taking distilled water as
blank. As it is a time dependent reaction the readings should be taken only
after 5 min but before 12 min after adding the last reagent.
Formula:
ofOD
ofionconcentratXsampleofODphosphateofConc .
Standard
Standard
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10. Iron
Procedure:
5 ml of sample was taken in a test tube for this 5 drops of iron reagent
AR8 was added and kept it for 10 min. after 10 min 5 drops of iron reagent
was added for the completion of the reaction. It is kept for 10 min. to
calculate the concentration of iron, the colour of the sample was compared
with standard chart.
11. Nitrate
Procedure:
10 ml of water sample was taken in a test tube for this few crystals of
nitrate reagent AR14 is added then to this sample 10 drops of nitrate reagent
BR15 was added. After 5 minutes colour of the sample was compared with
the standard chart to calculate concentration of the nitrate.
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RESULT:
Sl
No.
Parameters Outlet Mixing
Point
Dissolved
point
River
1. pH 6.5 6.8 6.8 7
2. Temperature 32oC 30
oC 29
oC 28
oC
3. Estimation of free carbon
dioxide
92.6
mg/lt
49.86
mg/lt
20.53
mg/lt
16.13
mg/lt
4. Estimation of Dissolved
oxygen
0 0 1.169
mg/lt
1.209
mg/lt
5. Estimation of BOD is
different water samples
0 0 6.532
mg/lt
5.896
mg/lt
6. Estimation of Inorganic
phosphate in different
samples
0.652
mg/lt
0.591
mg/lt
0.518
mg/lt
0.321
mg/lt
7. Hardnessof water 530
ppm
410 ppm 365 ppm 165
ppm
8. Chloride test 181.6
ppm
145 ppm 90 ppm 76.6
ppm
9. Fluoride test 1.0ppm 1.0 ppm 0.5 ppm 010. Iron test 0.66
ppm
0.36 ppm 0.3 ppm 0
11. Nitrate test 285.353
ppm
18.533
ppm
10 ppm 5 ppm
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6. PHOTOGRAPHS
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7. DISCUSSION:
In the project physic-chemical analysis of industrial water compared
how the physic chemical parameters are varied during each interval of
sampling.
After every sampling and tests the values are compared with one
another which shows slight variations from one another.
Samples were collected at different points they are
1.
Outlet of the industry.
2. Mixing point of industrial water with the river
3. At the point where industrial water is completely dissolved with the
river water.
4. River water.
The PH of river water is 7 whichis a neutral value and also normal pH
value of a drinking water. As we moved towards the outlet sample it was
slight acidic it showed the PH value as 6.5, it is also continued in mixing and
dissolved water samples i.e., 6.8 & 6.8.
The temperature of water sample is varied along to the sample spot.
The temperature of river was 29c, and it is raised in industrial effluent waterto 32.5c and it is gradually decreased in mixed and dissolved water samples
to 31c.
In the estimation of free CO2sample 1 i.e. outlet shows 92.4 mg / lt
CO2because it is directly released by the industry which is contaminated by
industrial wastes. In sample 2 i.e. mixing point free CO2value was 499.86
mg/lt which is less than outlet. In sample No. 3- dissolved the free CO2
value shows 20.533 which is less than first two samples which may be
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because of dilution with river water and the sample no. 4 river water showed
16.133 free CO2 value which is too less when compared other 3 samples
because the river water was free of industrial water and also the river water
is rich in phytoplanktons so the CO2value is lesser than other 3 samples.
The highest dissolved oxygen 1.209 was estimated in river water
which was collected before the mixing of industrial water. The Dissolved
Oxygen value in industrial water dissolved river water is 1.169 which is less
than river water it is because of mixing of industrial water. The Dissolved
Oxygen is 0in outlet and mixed samples because oxygen is absent in both
of these samples which may because of absence of phytoplanktonsand by
contamination by industrial effluents.
In Estimation BOD the river water has showed 5.896 BOD value
which is much greater than a normal value. The industrial efficient (I.E)
dissolved river water shows BOD value more than river water i.e., 6.532.This value shows that river water has been polluted by industrial water, here
oxygen demand was much greater than normal value. In other two samples
outlet & mixing point samples has showed BOD value O because there
was absence of dissolved oxygen in water sample.
The recommend maximum concentration of phosphate in rivers is 0.1mg/lit of total phosphate, but here in river we have obtained the value of 0.32
mg/lit, which is more than a normal MCL value phosphate contamination is
much in outlet sample, it is continued in mixed & dissolved water samples,
after mixing of industrial water in river water the conc. of phosphate in river
water is also increased, which can be observed in dissolved sample i.e.,
0.518 mg/lit.
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In river water the fluoride is absent 0 ppm but in industrial
water(outlet) & at sample of the mixing point the fluoride contamination is
1.0 mg/lit & in dissolved water sample 0.5 mg/lit of fluoride is present, due
to the dilution by river water the concentration of fluoride has reduced to
0.5mg/lit.
In estimation of chloride of river water 76.6 mg/lit of chloride was
present in water which became excess in industrial outlet i.e., 181.66mg/lit
& at mixing point 145mg/lit of chloride was present. It is reduced to 90mg/lit
in dissolved sample due to the mixing of river water with industrial water.
Hardness of river water is 165mg/lit which is a moderate hardness of
water. In industrial outlet water hardness is triple the normal value i.e.,
530mg/lit & in mixing point sample the hardness of water is 410 mg/lit
which is more than the double of the normal value and at dissolved water
sample the hardness of water is 365mg/lit which is too hard, & doubler thenormal value.
Estimation of Iron in river water shows the value as 0, i.e., totally
absence of iron content, but as we move to the next sample industrial outlet
sample the contamination of iron is 0.66 mg/lit which is double the normal
value, which is harmful to the living organisms but in mixing point &dissolved sample the contamination level is 0.36 & 0.3 mg/lit which is equal
to Maximum Contamination Level.
In Nitrate estimation of the river water regard the value as 5.0mg/lit
which is below the Maximum Contamination Level i.e., 10mg/lit, but in
outlet sample the values were too excess & harmful to the consumers. In
outlet sample 28.33mg/lit nitrate content was present & in mixed water
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sample it was 18.33mg/lit which is much greater than MCL value. But in
dissolved water sample the contamination level is equal to MCL value i.e.,
10mg/lit.
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Summary
Samples were collected from Tungabhadra river near a industry
Grasim polyfibresin Harihara(T), Davangere (D) at a intervals of 15 days 4
sampling sites were selected as outlet, mixed, dissolved & river water.
During our visit to there we interviewed local area peoples & villagers
who were living around that area & collected some informations, as they
were suffered from many diseases like diarrhoea, decentry, vomiting high
fever, acute gastritis etc.
We also visited government Hospital of Harihara to collect data about
peoples who suffered from water borne, diseases & name of those diseases,
which is entered in their register.
After each sampling we conducted various tests for the analysis of
water they are -PH, free co2, BOD, Do, phosphate, in lab and analysed water
using water analysis kit & carried tests like total hardness, chlorine, fluorine,
nitrate & iron.
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Conclusion
The present work was come out how the physico- chemical parameters
influence the river water. The area selected Harihara which is a industrial
area, samples are collected at 4 different points, in which 3 points were
contaminated with the industrial water and another sample was taken from
river.
Physico chemical analysis of Tunga Bhadra river water of Harihara
has revealed that water is polluted and contaminated with some industrial
effluents.
The surface water normally contains 10 mg/lit of free co2 but it was
too excess in outlet water sample and mixed water sample i.e., 92.4 and
49.86 mg/lit and the river water also showed slight excess co2 concentration
may be because oxygen concentration in water containing organic matter
was reduced.
Dissolved oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand were completely
absent in outlet and mixed water samples. Dissolved oxygen was present in
small amount in fully dissolved water sample and slightly excess in river
water.
Biological oxygen demand value was too much in dissolved water
sample and river water, which is due to the absence of dissolved oxygen in
water samples, & also it shows the rate of pollution in water.
All the three samples are crossed maximum hardness level, which may
be because of excess concentration of co2, mg ions in water. River water
shows moderate hardness because. It was not polluted by industrial water.
Samples were much contaminated with iron, fluoride nitrate present in
excess concentration but in river samples fluoride and iron were absent
(because of free of contamination)
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APPENDICES:
Table : 1
Estimation of CO2
Reagents Quantity
Sodium hydroxide (0.05N) 50 ml
Phenolphthalein indicator 2-3 drops
Table: 2
Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen
Reagents Quantity
Sodium thiosulpahte (0.015N) 50 ml
Alkaline potassium iodide 2 ml
Manganous sulphate 2 ml
Conc. H2SO4 2 ml
Starch Indicator 2-3 drops
Table: 3
Estimation of BOD
Reagents Quantity
Sodium thiosulpahte (0.015N) 50 ml
Alkaline potassium iodide 2 ml
Manganous sulphate 2 ml
Conc. H2SO4 2 ml
Starch Indicator 2-3 drops
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Table: 4
Estimation of Inorganic phosphate
Reagents Quantity
Ammonium Molybdate 2 ml
Stannous Chloride 5 drops
Standard Phosphate solution 100 ml
Table: 5
Hardness of water
Reagents Quantity
Ammonium buffer 5 drops
(EBT) Erichrome BlackT Few crystals
EDTA Solution Few drops
Table: 6
Chloride
Reagents Quantity
Chromate solution 2 drops
Silver nitrate Few drops
Table: 7
Fluoride
Reagents Quantity
Fluoride reagent 10 drops
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Table: 8
Iron
Reagents Quantity
Iron reagent AR8 5 drops
Iron reagent 5 drops
Table: 9
Nitrate test
Reagents Quantity
Nitrate reagent AR Few drops
Nitrate reagent BR15 10 drops
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REFERENCES
Environmental chemistry :A.K.O.E. ( Anil Kumar De )
Environmental Biology (Principal of Ecology): P.S.Verma and
V K Agarwal.
A text book of environmental science: S S Purohit / Q.J. Shammi /
A.K. Agarwal.
A text book of environmental chemistry and Pollution : S S Arora
Concept of Ecology ( Environmental biology) Dr. N Arumugam
Internet Sources
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.environmental.engineering.com
www.water-research.net/glosarry.htm
www.lenntech.com