Joaquim M.F. dos Santos

GIAN- Atomic and Nuclear Instrumentation Group

Instrumentation Center University of Coimbra

1BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS

2BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

E/N (10-17 V cm2 atom-1)

Y/N

(x

10

-17 p

ho

ton

s el

ectr

on

-1 cm

2 at

om

-1)

this work

Santos et al., Monte Carlo [7]

Fraga et al., Boltzmann [11]

Fonseca et al. [16]

Fonseca et al., -90ºC [16]

Parsons et al. [13]

Akimov et al. [14]

Aprile et al., -95ºC [15]

Ngoc et al. [12]

Xenon

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

0 .0 5 .0 10 .0 1 5.0 2 0 .0 25 .0 3 0.0

E /N (1 0 - 17 V c m 2 at om -1 ) Y

/N

(x 1

0-17 p

ho

ton

s e

lec

tro

n-1 c

m2 a

tom

-1)

A r ex p er im en ta l

A r M o n te C a r lo

A r W A R P

Xe e x pe r im e nt al

AR G O N

C.M.B. Monteiro et al., JINST 2 P05001 (2007)C.M.B. Monteiro et al., Phys. Lett. B 668 (2008) 167

3BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

22.1 keV X-raysE/pdrift = 0.7 kV cm-1 bar-1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E/pscint ( kV cm-1 bar-1 )

Y/p

(p

ho

ton

s e

lec

tro

n-1

cm

-1 b

ar-1

)

2 bar

4 bar

5 bar

6 bar

8 bar

10 bar

xenon

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E/pscint ( kV cm -1 bar -1 )

Y/p

( p

ho

ton

s e

lec

tro

n -

1 cm

-1 b

ar

-1 )

2 bar

4 bar

5 bar

6 bar

8 bar

10 bar

59.6 keV photonsE/pdrift = 0.7 kV cm-1 bar-1

xenon

Pressure (bar) 2 3 4 5 6 8 10

ScintillationAmplification Parameter

(photons e-1 V -1)141 ± 6 141 ± 7 142 ± 5 151 ± 5 161 ± 9 170 ± 10 162 ± 10

E.D.C Freitas et al., Phys. Lett. B (2009) , accepted for publication

4BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

C.M.B. Monteiro et al., Phys. Lett. B 677 (2009) 133

5BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

6BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

C.M.B. Monteiro et al., JINST 2 (2007) P05001F.P. Santos et al., J. Appl. Phys. 27 (1994) 42

7BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

8BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

9BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

10BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

QE = 1.0 ± 0.2 (468 APDs tested)

C.M.B. Monteiro et al., APB 81 (2005) 531

QE = 34% +/- 5%

R. Chandrasekharan et al., NIM A 567 (2006) 45 R. Neilson et al. (EXO Collaboration), NIM A 608 (2009) 68

J.A.M. Lopes et al., IEEE TNS 48 (2001) 312 C.M.B. Monteiro et al., IEEE TNS 48 (2001) 1081

P. Shagin et al., J.Inst. 4 (2009) P01005

• Slightly modified standard APD • up to now not used for DUV• delivery time ~ 1 year for a several 1000, • well established production process• QE = 0.3+/- 0.06 ( very preliminary results )

IFAE ( Barcelona ) / Coimbra

11BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

R. Neilson et al. (EXO Collaboration), NIM A 608 (2009) 68

12BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

L.M.P. Fernandes et al., NIM A531 (2004) 566 J.A.M. Lopes et al., NIM A504 (2003) 331

13BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

C.M.B. Monteiro et al., Appl. Phys. B 81 (2005) 531

14BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

L.M.P. Fernandes et al., NIM A 478 (2000) 395L.M.P. Fernandes et al., NIM A 81 (2005) 531

15BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

• Performance of CsI photocathodes in liquid Xe, Kr, and ArNucl. Instr. Meth. A 338 (1994) 328-335E. Aprile, A. Bolotnikov, D. Chen, R. Mukherjee, F. Xu, D.F. Anderson, V. Peskov

• Detection of the primary scintillation light from dense Ar, Kr and Xe with novel photosensitive gaseous detectors Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 478 (2002) 377-383L. Periale, V. Peskov, P. Carlson, T. Francke, P. Pavlopoulos, P. Picchi, F. Pietropaolo

• Photosensitive gaseous detectors for cryogenic temperature applications Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 573 (2007) 302-305L. Periale, V. Peskov, C. Iacobaeus, B. Lund-Jensen, P. Picchi, F. Pietropaolo, I. Rodionov

********************************************

16BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

JFCA Veloso et al., IEEE TNS 43 (1996) 1232JFCA Veloso et al., NIM A 457 (2001) 253

JFCA Veloso et al., NIM A 422 (1999) 273

17BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

JFCA Veloso et al., NIM A 457 (2001) 253

18BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

EDC Freitas et al., NIM A 580 (2007) 214

19BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

LCC Coelho et al., NIM A 581 (2007) 190

CDR Azevedo et al., to be published

20BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

FD Amaro et al., IEEE TNS 56 (2009) 1097

FD Amaro et al., J.Inst. 1 (2006) P08003

21BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10E/p (V /(cm *torr)

Op

tica

lGai

n

E E xtraction = 1.7 V /(cm *torr)

FD Amaro et al., to be published

22BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

A Bondar et al., NIM A 581 (2007) 241

23BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

24BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3

E760 (kV cm-1)E

xtra

ctio

n ef

fici

ency

f

E/p293 (V cm-1 Torr-1)

a) Ne-CH4

f_Ne

f_99Ne+1CH4

f_97Ne+3CH4

f_95Ne+5CH4

f_90Ne+10CH4

f_50Ne+50CH4

f_20Ne+80CH4

f_CH4

f_Ne_MT_HgII-Shef.

f_99Ne+1CH4_HgII-Shef.

f_97Ne+3CH4_HgII-Shef.

f_95Ne+5CH4_HgII-Shef.

f_90Ne+10CH4_HgII-Shef.

f_50Ne+50CH4_HgII-Shef.

f_20Ne+80CH4_HgII-Shef.

f_CH4_HgII-Shef.

Series15

Series16

Series19

Series20

Series21

Series22

Series32

31

510

50

CH4

Ne

CH480%CH4

50%CH420%CH4

10%CH45%CH43%CH4

1%CH4Ne

Exp MC

80

20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3

E760 (kV cm-1)

Ext

ract

ion

effi

cien

cy f

E/p293 (V cm-1 Torr-1)

f_Ne

f_99Ne+1CF4

f_97Ne+3CF4

f_95Ne+5CF4

f_90Ne+10CF4

f_50Ne+50CF4

f_20Ne+80CF4

f_CF4

f_MC_Ne_MT_HgII-Shef.

f_MC_99Ne+1CF4_HgII-Shef.

f_MC_97Ne+3CF4_HgII-Shef.

f_MC_95Ne+5CF4_HgII-Shef.

f_MC_90Ne+10CF4_HgII-Shef.

f_MC_50Ne+50CF4_HgII-Shef.

f_MC_20Ne+80CF4_HgII-Shef.

f_MC_CF4_HgII-Shef.

Series19

Series20

Series21

Series22

Series23

Series24

Series25

Series26

b) Ne-CF4

CF480%CF4

50%CF410%CF4

5%CF43%CF41%CF4

Ne

Ne

8050

1053

1

Exp MC

J. Escada et al., J. Inst. 4 (2009) , in press

25BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

0 200 400 600 800 1000 120010-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Effe

ctiv

e G

ain

VTHGEM

(V)

Ne/CH4(95/5) Ne/CH4(90/10) Ne/CH4(77/23) Ne/CF4(95/5) Ne/CF4(90/10)

Single THGEM (t = 0.4 mm, d = 0.3 mm, a = 0.7 mm, h = 0.1 mm)

Atm. pressureGas flow mode

C.D.R. Azevedo et al., J. Inst. 4 (2009) , in press

26BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos

C.D.R. Azevedo et al., J. Inst. 4 (2009) , in press

0.12 0.200.13 0.220.12 0.210.14 0.23

Effective photon detection efficiency

Present OptimalTHGEM THGEM

27BERKELEY, NOV 09 WORKSHOP ON XENON BASED DETECTORS JMF dos Santos