Exposure•What are the elements of exposure?

Exposure•Camera settings that determine the amount of light that hits the film or digital image sensor

•The interaction between shutter speed, aperture and ISO.

OverexposureOverexposure: When the settings chosen provide too much light to the digital image sensor.

Prints from overexposed film appear . . . too bright, washed out and lack detail.

Overexposed

UnderexposureUnderexposure – When the settings chosen provide not enough light to the film.Prints from underexposed film appear . . . dark, blocked up and often grainy.

Underexposed

Underexposed

ShutterThe part of the camera that opens and closes, allowing the film to be exposed to light.

Shutter Speed:•The amount of time that the film is exposed to light•Expressed as fractions of a second. For instance, 1/125 of a second.

Standard Shutter speeds1/8000 – fastest

1/40001/20001/10001/5001/2501/1251/601/301/151/81/41/2

1 second2 seconds -- slowest

Measured in fractions of a second

The amount of light hitting the film doubles as you move down.

•Which shutter speed would be best for stopping action?•Which shutter speed would be best for getting a blurred effect?

ApertureThe size of the lens opening. Often called f-stop.Aperture is also expressed as a fraction.

Standard lens apertures include:f/22 – the smallest

openingf/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – often, the largest opening

Aperture

f/16 f/11 f/8

f/5.6 f/4 f/2.8

ApertureStandard lens

apertures include:f/22 – the smallest

openingf/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – often, the largest opening

The amount of light hitting the film doubles as you move down.

What aperture setting would be best for making photographs in a dark place?What aperture setting would be best for making photographs on a sunny day?

ISO (Film Speed)Standard film speeds

include:100 ISO– least sensitive to light

200 ISO400 ISO800 ISO

1600 ISO3200 ISO – most

sensitive

ISOThe sensitivity of the digital sensor to light. Measured by ISO, the International Standards Organization.

The amount of light sensitivity doubles as you move down the list.

ISO (Film Speed)Digital SensorThe light sensitive electronic chip that records the image.

ISO (Film Speed)FilmA piece of plastic with a light-sensitive emulsion coating on one side.

ApertureStandard lens

apertures include:f/22 – the smallest

openingf/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – often, the largest opening

The size of the lens opening. Often called f-stop.Aperture is also expressed as a fraction.

The amount of light hitting the film doubles as you move down.What aperture setting would be best for making photographs in a dark place?What aperture setting would be best for making photographs on a sunny day?

Correct Exposure

Reciprocal Agreement

Important: Each step up or down the settings for shutter speeds, aperture and film speed is equivalent.

Aperture:f/22 – small

f/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – large

Film speeds:100 ISO – less sensitive

200 ISO400 ISO800 ISO

1600 ISO3200 ISO – most sensitive

1/8000 – fastest 1/40001/20001/10001/5001/2501/1251/601/301/151/81/41/2

1 second2 seconds -- slowest

Using Reciprocal Agreement #1

I am shooting at 1/500 at f/8 and 200 ISO Film. Name other exposures that are equivalent.

Aperture:f/22 – small

f/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – large

Film speeds:100 ISO – less sensitive

200 ISO400 ISO800 ISO

1600 ISO3200 ISO – most sensitive

1/8000 – fastest 1/40001/20001/10001/5001/2501/1251/601/301/151/81/41/2

1 second2 seconds -- slowest

Using Reciprocal Agreement #2

I am shooting at 1/60 at f/5.6 and 400 ISO Film. The image is blurring and I don’t want it to blur. Name an exposure that I could choose.

Aperture:f/22 – small

f/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – large

Film speeds:100 ISO – less sensitive

200 ISO400 ISO800 ISO

1600 ISO3200 ISO – most sensitive

1/8000 – fastest 1/40001/20001/10001/5001/2501/1251/601/301/151/81/41/2

1 second2 seconds -- slowest

Using Reciprocal Agreement #3

I am shooting at 1/125 at f/11 and 200 ISO Film. I run out of 200 ISO film. Now I must use 100 ISO. What aperture setting could I use if I keep my shutter speed the same?

Aperture:f/22 – small

f/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – large

Film speeds:100 ISO – less sensitive

200 ISO400 ISO800 ISO

1600 ISO3200 ISO – most sensitive

1/8000 – fastest 1/40001/20001/10001/5001/2501/1251/601/301/151/81/41/2

1 second2 seconds -- slowest

Using Reciprocal Agreement #4

I am shooting 1/8 at f/2.8 and 400 ISO. All of my photos look underexposed. What could I do?

Aperture:f/22 – small

f/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – large

Film speeds:100 ISO – less sensitive

200 ISO400 ISO800 ISO

1600 ISO3200 ISO – most sensitive

1/8000 – fastest 1/40001/20001/10001/5001/2501/1251/601/301/151/81/41/2

1 second2 seconds -- slowest

Using Reciprocal Agreement #5

I am shooting 1/4000 at f/22 with 100 ISO. I notice that it starts getting darker outside. What changes will I need to make?

Aperture:f/22 – small

f/16f/11f/8

f/5.6f/4

f/2.8 – large

Film speeds:100 ISO – less sensitive

200 ISO400 ISO800 ISO

1600 ISO3200 ISO – most sensitive

1/8000 – fastest 1/40001/20001/10001/5001/2501/1251/601/301/151/81/41/2

1 second2 seconds -- slowest

Using Reciprocal Agreement #6

I am shooting 1/60 at f/8 and 400 ISO. I notice that my image is still blurred. What should I change?

If I change my shutter speed to 1/250 what change will I need to make to my aperture?