Philip and Elizabeth

The Revolt of the Netherlands and the

Spanish Armada

The goals:

• Know Philip II’s relationship with Charles V, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor

• Describe the Escorial Palace

• Know the reasons behind the revolt in the Netherlands

• Did the Spanish Armada succeed in its goal to invade England, Why or why not?

Philip II was the son of Charles V.

His father split the Holy Roman Empire between Philip and his

uncle.

Philip was married to Henry VIII’s daughter, Mary.

Together, they set about making England Catholic

again.

Philip was not attracted to Mary, but

Mary was in love with him

During Mary’s five year reign, hundreds of Protestants were

burned at the stake, even children younger than ten

Mary will go down in

history as “Bloody Mary”

Philip had to

return to Spain to watch

over his dominions. Mary

died soon

afterwards.

Elizabeth

inherits the

throne

Elizabeth’s priority was to bring peace and prosperity to

her people

and end the great religious divisions

In the beginning,

Philip tried to “be diplomatic” with Elizabeth and England

But, over time, Philip resented Elizabeth’s rule—and Philip

himself became leader of the Counter-Reformation

At the same time, Spain

entered its Golden

Age—1550-

1650, a time of great

cultural achievem

ent

Philip lost numerous wives to disease

and childbirth.

His son, Don Carlos, was held captive when he revolted against his father. He died in captivity.

Philip built a royal residence. It was called the Escorial—and was

designed on a “grill” shape, representing the way that St.

Lawrence was killed.

It was forbidding, monastic, and became a symbol of

austere Catholicism

Philip faced a revolt in the Netherlands, the lands he inherited from his father.

The Netherlands comprised today’s Netherlands and

Belgium The

Netherlands is

sometimes called

Holland after its largest

province.

The Southern Provinces were busy commercial centers.

Their center was Antwerp

The Northern Provinces had

developed a loose federation

There were 17

provinces altogethe

r

As France began to

clamp down its

protestant population

—the Calvinists headed for

the Netherland

s for protection

These Protestants brought with them the Calvinist attitude that the state did not have supreme

allegiance of its people• A league of 200 nobles was formed to stop Spanish Influence—and prevent an inquisition in their country

An inquisition in the

Netherlands would be

disastrous—as, unlike

Spain, there is a growing Protestant Population

Philip’s representatives refuse to listen. The inquisition begins.As a result. . .The Dutch

revolt!

Catholic churches are pillaged and destroyed as

people revolted against the

Spanish domination

Philip sends in the Duke of Alva with

select Spanish

Troops into the Southern Netherlands

Alva’s Council of Troubles sentences

thousands to death. He

punishes the nobles.

These measures only unite the people against a common enemy:

Philip and Spain

William of Orange, the royal house of Holland, emerges as

a leader

William invited the Protestant countries to help harass the

Spanish

He authorized ships to harass or pirate Spanish ships, to raid Spanish occupied

ports. By 1576 opposition to the Spanish superseded the differences between the

provinces

England’s role in the revolt of

the Netherlands

Elizabeth’s reign

strengthened.• But she did not

marry. She did not name a direct heir until she was near death in 1603.

Elizabeth had a cousin, Mary Stuart, who inherited the throne of Scotland. She was young and foolish. She grew

up in France.

After returning to

Scotland, she married her first cousin and had a baby boy. This boy would

eventually become James

I of England and Scotland

Mary made many mistakes in her brief reign. Her husband

was murdered, and she married his suspected murder.

The Scottish Protestants, led by John Knox,

were dismayed by Mary’s

Catholicism and her instability. They wanted her out of the

kingdom.

Eventually, Mary Queen of Scots fled to

England. Baby James

remained in Scotland to be

raised a Protestant. He

would be raised to be Protestant.

Mary Queen of Scots remained under house arrest in England

for 19 years

But while she

lived, she

remained a

rallying point for all

English Catholi

cs

Don Juan, half

brother of Philip II,

hatched a plan to invade

England and put Mary on

the throne as an

Catholic ruler

Elizabeth and quietly aided the Netherlands in past years, but now she signs an alliance with

the Netherlands

English and Dutch raiders continue to pirate and pillage

the rich Spanish Treasure ships

William the Silent is

assassinated by agents of Philip

II in 1584.

Don Juan dies, and now the Duke of Parma comes to the

Netherlands

• Elizabeth continues to face a few internal threats, including the Ridolfi plot (which was in the movie Elizabeth). All of these plots have the goal of returning the Catholic faith to the throne of England

The Duke of Parma splits the 17 provinces. The southern

provinces agree to support the

SpanishThese Southern Provinces become the Spanish Netherlands—which in time

will become the Austrian Netherlands, which in time becomes today’s

BELGUIM

The seven northern provinces

become the UNION of

UTRECHT in 1579.

They will become the United Provinces and

declare their independence in

1581.

Both sides wanted to attack the other

and claim it back.

• Spain wanted to conquer and bring back the North under its control

• The United Provinces wanted to retain the Southern Provinces.

The Duke of Parma moves on Antwerp—Elizabeth sends 6,000 troops to the North to prepare to

attack

Word reaches England that Philip is preparing a great fleet of ships

to attack England

The Duke of Parma will cross over from Antwerp and also attack. With England returned to Catholicism, Spain can then

subdue the revolt in the Netherlands

As the Armada is built, time runs out for Mary Stuart. She had

participated in one too many plots.She was

executed at Fothringham

castle in 1587

England prepares for attack

• Sir Francis Drake is sent to “raid” and burn as many ships as he can.

• He succeeds by raiding the Spanish port of Cadiz. This sets preparations back a year.

The Armada is ready!

•In 1588, the Armada sets sail from Spain to England

One of history’s famous stories. . .

The Armada. .

.

•130 ships•30,000 men

(50,000 also waiting in the Spanish Netherlands)

•2,400 canons

The English are commanded by Sir Francis Drake

• Legend has it that he said he had time enough to finish bowling, and defeat the Armada.

The Armada is picked off bit by bit, and mother nature does

the rest

Philip is defeated

, Elizabeth

reigns supreme

Philip dies a long and painful death in 1598. Elizabeth dies in 1603.

An era ends

The Results: EnglandEngland gains great national pride and love of their country. England

begins to “rule the waves.”

The Results: Netherlands

• The Spanish Netherlands are ruined when the United Provinces (the Dutch) block the mouth of the Scheldt---For the next TWO CENTURIES!

The United Provinces

move toward a Golden

Age, which we will

soon learn about

The Results: Spain

•Spain remains a great power•It is weakening internally, highly

dependant on gold/silver from the New World

•Able Spaniards are siphoned off for church positions

•Portugal and Catalonia re-establish independence

In Spain, the Moriscos (Muslim

descent) are driven out-

•Spain loses an industrious minority

The Dutch become independent in 1609. We will meet them again after the Religious Wars.

You should now know these things:

• Know Philip II’s relationship with Charles V, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor

• Describe the Escorial Palace

• Know the reasons behind the revolt in the Netherlands

• Did the Spanish Armada succeed in its goal to invade England, Why or why not?