Post on 07-Apr-2018
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Pharmacognosy2nd lecture
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I. Introduction to Pharmacognosy
A brief history of natural products in
medicine
Value of natural drug products
Production of natural drug products
The role of natural products in drug discovery
General principles of botany: morphologyand systematics
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Importance of plants in modern
pharmacy and medicine
Types of drugs derived from plants:
1. herbal drugs (specific part of a medicinal
plant)Ex: the herb of St Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum)mild
depression
The leaves of Ginkgo biloba dementia
Chamomile GI complaints
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3. Nutraceuticals (functional foods)
Ex: Garlic, ginger, turmeric
Anthocyanin-flavonoid containing plants such as
cocoa, red wine.
Carotenoid-containing pants such as tomatoes,
carrots.
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Pharmacist are responsible
To ensure that the stocks of herbal medicines are
obtained from reputable source of supply
To not recommend any remedy where they have any
reason to doubt its safety or quality (toxicity, druginteractions)
Offer herbal medicines that is safe, and effective
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I. The history of natural products in
medicine
A great proportion of the natural products used as
drugs
The study of drugs used by traditional healers is an
important object of pharmacognostical research
Sumerians and Akkadians (3rd millennium BC)
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Egyptians(Ebers papyrus, 1550 BC)
Ebers Papyrus treatment for cancer:recounting a "tumor against the godXenus", it recommends "do thou
nothing there against"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor8/3/2019 Pharma Cog Nosy I Part 2
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Authors of antiquity
Hippocrates(460-377 BC)The Father of Medicine
Hippocratic Oath
("To please no one will I prescribe adeadly drug")
("I will leave this operation to beperformed by practitioners,
specialists in this art")
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Pedanius Dioscorides(40-80 AD)De Materia Medica (600 medicinal plants)
Dioscorides De MateriaMedica inArabic, Spain, 12th-13thcentury.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic8/3/2019 Pharma Cog Nosy I Part 2
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Aelius Galenus or Claudius
Galenus (AD 129 200/217)
was aprominent Roman physician
and philosopher of Greekorigin
Galen performed anatomical
dissections on living (vivisection) and
dead animals,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome8/3/2019 Pharma Cog Nosy I Part 2
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The Islamic era
Ibn Altabari(770850)
a Muslimhakim, Islamicscholar, physician and psychologist ofPersianJewish orZoroastrian
descent, who produced thefirst encyclopedia ofmedicineFirdous al-Hikmah wasthe firstknown encyclopedia ofme
dicine,. He was a pioneerofpediatrics and the fieldofchild development.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_(title)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_(title)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim8/3/2019 Pharma Cog Nosy I Part 2
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Ibn Sina(980-1037)Avicenna (Abitzianos)
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vastphilosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The
Canon of Medicine
( Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing8/3/2019 Pharma Cog Nosy I Part 2
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The era of European exploration overseas
(16th and 17th century)
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The 18th century, Pharmacognosy
Linnaeus (naming and classifying plants)
At the end of the 18th century, crude drugs were still
being used as powders, simple extracts, or tinctures
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The era of pure compounds(In 1803, a new era in the history of medicine)
Isolation of morphine from opium
Strychnine (1817)
Quinine and caffeine (1820)
Nicotine (1828)
Atropine (1833)
Cocaine (1855)
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In the 19th century, the chemical structures of
many of the isolated compounds weredetermined
In the 20th
century, the discovery ofimportant drugs from the animal kingdom,
particularly hormones and vitamins.
microorganisms have become a very importantsource of drugs
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Definitions
Pharmacognosy:
is multidisclipinary subject which comprises partsof botany, organic chemistry, biochemistry, and
pharmacology (Samuelsson, 1991).The subject of pharmacognosy deals with
naturals products as drugs or for theproduction and discovery of a drug.
It is used for those natural products such asplants or part of plants, extracts and exudateswhich are not pure compounds
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Ethnobotany:
It is a broad term referring to the study of plants
by humans
Ethnomedicine:
It refers to the use of plants by humans as
medicine
Traditional medicine:
It is the sum total of all non-mainstream medical
practices, usually excluding so called westernmedicine