Prof. Jórdán Masías

Phonetics 1Phonetics 1

Prof. Jórdán Masías

Phonetics studies the way in Phonetics studies the way in which speech sounds are which speech sounds are produced (articulatory produced (articulatory

phonetics) and perceived phonetics) and perceived (auditory phonetics). (auditory phonetics).

Prof. Jórdán Masías

Phonetics also deals with the Phonetics also deals with the physical properties of sounds physical properties of sounds

(Acoustic Phonetics) (Acoustic Phonetics)

Prof. Jórdán Masías

Articulatory PhoneticsArticulatory Phonetics

The Organs of SpeechThe Organs of Speech

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The Vocal Organs in Motion

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The Names of the The Names of the Organs of SpeechOrgans of Speech

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The Mouth

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Sagittal section of the vocal tract (Techmer 1880).

Lungs

Trachea

Vocal Cords (within the Larynx)

Pharynx

Nasal Cavity

Prof. Jórdán Masías

Velum (Soft palate)

Tongue blade (lamina)

Tongue tip (apex)

(Hard) palate

Epiglottis

Hyoid bone

Tongue Dorsum

Prof. Jórdán Masías

Prof. Jórdán Masías

http://anatomy.uams.edu/htmlpages/anatomyhtml/atlas_html/rsa3p1.html

The soft palate (velum) is a “veil” of tissue with several muscles attached to it so that it can be elevated and lowered. It is thus a valve regulating the passage of air (and for speech, sound) into nasal cavity.

In neonates the velum and epiglottis overlap, as they do in the adults of many mammalian species.

Prof. Jórdán Masías

View of Speech Organs viewed from behind (coronal section)

nasal cavity

nasal septum

uvula

epiglottis

Bronchi

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Larynx: front viewLarynx: oblique side view

“Adam’s apple”

Prof. Jórdán Masías

Vocal cords (without overlaying muscles and tissue) seen from above. The cords are attached to the inside of the thyroid cartilage at the front and to the moveable arytenoid cartilages at the back. The cords may be brought toward the midline when the arytenoid cartilage “rock” inward (red arrows).

front

back

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Coronal slice through the larynx; rear portion removed, leaving front portion. (Viewed from behind.)

[Aside: conus elasticus, mentioned in an earlier slide, is here.]

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Diagram Diagram of theof theVocal Vocal TractTract

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The Vocal Organs in Motion

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Descriptions for Descriptions for Different Organs Different Organs

of Speechof Speech

Prof. Jórdán Masías

In Phonetics, the terms velum, pharynx, larynx, and In Phonetics, the terms velum, pharynx, larynx, and dorsum are used as often or more often than the dorsum are used as often or more often than the simpler names.simpler names. 1. ALVEOLAR RIDGE 1. ALVEOLAR RIDGE A short distance behind the upper teeth is a change A short distance behind the upper teeth is a change in the angle of the roof of the mouth. (In some people in the angle of the roof of the mouth. (In some people it's quite abrupt, in others very slight.) This is the it's quite abrupt, in others very slight.) This is the alveolar ridge. Sounds which involve the area alveolar ridge. Sounds which involve the area between the upper teeth and this ridge are called between the upper teeth and this ridge are called alveolars. alveolars.

2. (HARD) PALATE 2. (HARD) PALATE The hard portion of the roof of the mouth. The term The hard portion of the roof of the mouth. The term "palate" by itself usually refers to the hard palate. "palate" by itself usually refers to the hard palate.

Prof. Jórdán Masías

3. SOFT PALATE/VELUM 3. SOFT PALATE/VELUM The soft portion of the roof of the mouth, lying behind The soft portion of the roof of the mouth, lying behind the hard palate. The tongue hits the velum in the sounds the hard palate. The tongue hits the velum in the sounds [k], [g], and [[k], [g], and []. The velum can also move: if it lowers, it ]. The velum can also move: if it lowers, it creates an opening that allows air to flow out through creates an opening that allows air to flow out through the nose; if it stays raised, the opening is blocked, and the nose; if it stays raised, the opening is blocked, and no air can flow through the nose.no air can flow through the nose.

4. UVULA4. UVULAThe small, dangly thing at the back of the soft palate. The small, dangly thing at the back of the soft palate. The uvula vibrates during the r sound in many French The uvula vibrates during the r sound in many French dialects.dialects. 5. PHARYNX 5. PHARYNX The cavity between the root of the tongue and the walls The cavity between the root of the tongue and the walls of the upper throat. of the upper throat.

Prof. Jórdán Masías

6. TONGUE BLADE 6. TONGUE BLADE The flat surface of the tongue just behind the tip. The flat surface of the tongue just behind the tip.

7. TONGUE BODY/DORSUM 7. TONGUE BODY/DORSUM The main part of the tongue, lying below the hard and The main part of the tongue, lying below the hard and soft palate. The body, specifically the back part of the soft palate. The body, specifically the back part of the body (hence "dorsum", Latin for "back"), moves to body (hence "dorsum", Latin for "back"), moves to make vowels and many consonants. make vowels and many consonants.

8. TONGUE ROOT8. TONGUE ROOTThe lowest part of the tongue in the throat.The lowest part of the tongue in the throat.

9. EPIGLOTTIS9. EPIGLOTTIS

The fold of tissue below the root of the tongue. The The fold of tissue below the root of the tongue. The epiglottis helps cover the larynx during swallowing, epiglottis helps cover the larynx during swallowing, making sure (usually!) that food goes into the stomach making sure (usually!) that food goes into the stomach and not the lungs. A few languages use the epiglottis in and not the lungs. A few languages use the epiglottis in making sounds. English is fortunately not one of them.making sounds. English is fortunately not one of them.

Prof. Jórdán Masías

10. VOCAL FOLDS/VOCAL CORDS 10. VOCAL FOLDS/VOCAL CORDS Folds of tissue stretched across the airway to the Folds of tissue stretched across the airway to the lungs. They can vibrate against each other, providing lungs. They can vibrate against each other, providing much of the sound during speech.much of the sound during speech.

11. GLOTTIS 11. GLOTTIS The opening between the vocal cords. During a glottal The opening between the vocal cords. During a glottal stop, the vocal cords are held together and there is no stop, the vocal cords are held together and there is no opening between them.opening between them.

12. LARYNX 12. LARYNX The structure that holds and manipulates the vocal The structure that holds and manipulates the vocal cords. The "Adam's apple" in males is the bump cords. The "Adam's apple" in males is the bump formed by the front part of the larynxformed by the front part of the larynx