PERCEPTION AND ATTRIBUTION

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FT14333 KAUSHIK ANANTHANARAYANAN FT14334 KAUSTUBH ASHOK SHINDE FT14335 KEDAR ADINATH KULKARNI FT14336 LAVANYA VALLI MALAPAKA FT14337 MAINAK SANKAR MAITI FT14338 MANISH HASIJA FT14339 MAYANK DIBYA FT14340 MEGHA PRABODH GUPTA

WHAT IS PERCEPTION ?

Definition: The process by which people select, organize, interpret, and respond to information from the world around them. Perception (consciously and unconsciously) involves searching

for, obtaining, and processing information in the mind in an attempt to make sense of the world

Selection and organization often account for differences in interpretation/perception between individuals observing the same stimuli

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SELECTING PARTICULAR STIMULI

Intensity - More intense the external stimulus, the more likely it is to be perceived. Eg: Supervisor speaking loudly.

Size - larger the object, the more likely it will be perceived. Eg- Advertisement

Contrast - External stimuli that stand out will receive attention.

Repetition - repeated external stimulus is more attention getting than a single one.-

Motion - people will pay more attention to moving objects in their field of vision than they will to stationary objects

Novelty and Familiarity - eg : job rotation.

What is perceptual organization ?

Perceptual organization -The processes structuring visual information into coherent units--and visual attention--the processes by which some visual information in a scene is selected--are crucial for the perception of our visual environment and to visuomotor behavior.

Figure Ground – Most basic form of perceptual organization. perceived objects stand out as separable from their general background.

Perceptual Grouping - Tendency to group several stimuli together into a recognizable pattern.- Closure – manager perceiving complete agreement

when it doesnot exist.- Continuity – Perceive continous line. Lack of

innovation.- Proximity – close groups perceived as a whole- Similarity – women as single group.

Social perception is a term in social psychology that defines an individual’s ability to create an impression or judgment of other individuals or social groups.

Stereotyping - The tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of the category of people, of which that person is a member. Eg – minority, supervisors

HALO AND HORN EFFECT

Halo Effect -The process by which the perceiver evaluates another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable.

Horn Effect – Individual is downgraded because of single negative characteristic or incident.

ATTRIBUTION

Attribution – Cognitive process by which people explain the cause of another's or their own behaviour.Types of attributions:Dispositional attributions - Ascribe a person's behaviour to internal factors.Ex. personality traits, motivation, or ability.Situational attributions - Attribute a person's behaviour to external factors.Ex. equipment or social influence from others.

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

Attribution theory is mainly concerned with the cognitive processes by which an individual interprets behavior.

Behavior is determined by both internal and external forces.

Internal forces - personal attributes such as ability, effort, and fatigue

External forces - environmental attributes such as rules and the weather

LOCUS OF CONTROL

Using locus of control, work behavior may be explained by whether employees perceive their outcomes as controlled internally or externally.

Employees who perceive internal control feel that they personally can influence their outcomes through their own ability, skills, or effort.

Employees who perceive external control feel that their outcomes are beyond their own control.

They feel that external forces such as luck or task difficulty control their outcomes.

OTHER ATTRIBUTIONS

Consensus - Do others act this way in a situation?

Consistency - Does this person act this way in this situation at other times?

Distinctiveness - Does this person act differently in other situations?

ATTRIBUTION ERRORS

Fundamental Attribution Error: People tend to attribute others' behavior to personal factors even when it is very clear that the situation or circumstances caused the person to behave the way he or she did.

Self-serving bias : People readily accept credit when told they have succeeded (attributing the success to their ability and effort), yet often attribute failure to such external, situational factors as bad luck

How can the perceptual process be managed?

Impression management.A person’s systematic attempt to behave in ways that create and maintain desired impressions in others’ eyes.Successful managers:

Use impression management to enhance their own images.Are sensitive to other people’s use of impression management.

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