Post on 13-Jan-2016
description
Peer to peer networks Distributed innovation
Niloy Ganguly
IIT KharagpurNational Conference on
Decentralized Innovation:
Focus on Rural and Small Urban Enterprises
16-17 March 2007
Talk Overview Peer to peer networks
Introduction and various utilities
P2p in social perspective Random thoughts
Emerging Technologies Ultra cheap Telephony
Peer To Peer NetworkMost Direct Method of Connecting Computers
Simple
Inexpensive
No Boss
No Regulation
Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers
Simple
Inexpensive
No Boss
No Regulation
Peer To Peer Network
PCs at the edge of the network are called “Peers”
Peers can retrieve objects directly from each other
Advantages of a P2P NetworkA large collection of peers may be
available for content distribution--sometimes millions!
User takes advantage of the network’s currently available resources.
Peer To Peer Network
Application – File sharing
Topology of Gnutella Network
Machines exchange files within themselvesEach machine shares a set of files
P2P networks generate more traffic than any other internet application
2/3 of all bandwidth on some backbones
Application – File sharing
VoIP: Voice over IP (Internet Protocol) Telephony over the Internet
Skype: Most popular VoIP application Free calls to other Skype users Cheap calls (~ 1p/min) to landlines
& mobiles Various add-on facilities also
available
Sky
pe
Application – Internet Telephony
Skype as a telephone Skype can be used as a conventional
telephone Particularly useful on laptops for the
traveller Sense of presence – know if recipient
is online (can switch off) Instant messaging
Additional features: Integration with Web browser (sharing
browsing) Video Skype
Sky
pe
Application – Internet Telephony
Usage ScenariosHow Skype can be used:
Conventional phone replacement (office/home) On laptops, when travelling Conference calls (on-the-fly) Listening in to lectures (nb. accessibility benefits) Recording talks (e.g. interviews for Podcasts) Support for remote workers Help desk support (e.g. VoIP-based Ask Me reference desk) ….
Application – Distributed ProcessingHuge number crunching for Cancer ResearchSeti@Home - Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Two million computers crunching data gathered from the Arecibo radio
telescope in Puerto Rico. The project produces over 15 teraflops[4] of
processing throughput. As a comparison, ANSI white, the world's
most powerful supercomputer, produces 12 teraflops of processing throughput at a cost of us$110 million.
Application – Publisher Subscribe
Publisher Publisher
Subscriber Subscriber
Subscriptions
Publications
NotificationNotification
IBM=84
MSFT=27 INTC=19 JNJ=58ORCL=12
HON=24
AMGN=58
Stock marketsNYSE
NASDAQTSX
Subscriptions:IBM > 85ORCL < 10JNJ > 60
BrokerNetwork
Talk Overview Peer to peer networks
Introduction and various utilities
P2p in social perspective Random thoughts
Emerging Technologies Ultra cheap Telephony
Tribal-era technologies – extremities of limbs Agricultural technologies – extension of muscular
systems Industrial era – central body and internal
metabolic functions Information age – nervous system (telephone and
telegraph), mind (computer),
Placing p2p in the context of the evolution of technology
Placing p2p in the context of the evolution of technology
Participative but not differentiated Differentiated but not participative
Humans become dumb extension of machine
Machine become intelligent Machine seen as extension of brain rather than
limbs A participation paradigm arises
Hacker ethics Mass intellectuality increases through
formal and informal education Meaning in life is no longer sought in the
sphere of salaried work but through in life in general.
Entertainment is sought through “work” guiding free software production (socialization)
Emergence of p2p network Technological artifacts are a social
construction, reflecting various social interests Capital, engineering communities, critical voice
within society, consumers Internet was explicitly defined to enable peer-to
peer collaboration Technology reflects a new way of being or feeling
Emergence of Peer to peer network One-to-one to many-to-one to many-to-many media Information abundance Redundancy of information Hence extremely robust p2p networks emerge
Corporate Changes Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword becomes flow and
integration of endless flow
Corporate Changes Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword becomes flow and
integration of endless flow Flattening of hierarchy
Sub-unit becomes complex, hence to be granted more autonomy
What is produced and not how is it produced. Peer to peer form of communication is becoming
imperative for corporate competitiveness
Communism of Capital Processes no longer internally integrated,
externally integrated in vast webs of inter-company cooperation.
Potential damaging consumers. Workers learning in a series of interaction/
training program Complexity, innovation-dependent and time-
based E-bay, amazon – consumer feedback
Distributed Innovation Open software
Free software – rejects the ownership of software Open Source – ownership is there but one can change
Within the systems but partly transcends it Attractive for efficiency Used by IBM and Microsoft’s rival, EU Internet infrastructure – Apache server, Linux
P2p dialogues are not representative dialogues in which participants represent their various religions, rather they are encounters of composite and hybrid experience in which each full expresses his different understanding, building a spiritual commons.
No formal rules to engage in knowledge exchange (no formal degrees)
Open Universities – university of Openness The uo is a framework in which individuals and
organizations can pursue their shared interest Any member may start a faculty to socialize their
research with the Uo. News regulation (trustworthiness)
No need of any Wall Street journal
Distributed Innovation Deinstitutionalization
Dotcom burst shows use value cannot be converted to exchange value
P2p creates massive use-value, but no automatic exchange value and thus it cannot fund itself
P2p sphere can work with more and more autonomy, creating more and more use value, slowly creating a cohesive system within system
Distributed Innovation Dot-com burst and decommodification
Marginal trend or premise of new civilization
Historical development of capitalism in 11th to 13th century
Roman empire Bernat poirot-delpech in Le Monde –
nothing ever changes, we are bored with this country
Argentina after the economic shock
Talk Overview Peer to peer networks
Introduction and various utilities
P2p in social perspective Random thoughts
Emerging Technologies Ultra cheap Telephony
Emerging Technology – Grid and cluster
Supercomputer formed by connecting together a number of small computers with high speed interconnectivity
Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network
A network where the nodes are the mobile devices.
Mobile devices themselves form connectivity within themselves without the help of any base station
Emerging Technology – Mesh Network
A network of low cost mesh, some of the meshes having satellite connection
Emerging Technology – Delay Tolerant Network
No need of connection-oriented network.
Here nodes act as post-man carrying the information to the destination
Talk Overview Peer to peer networks
Introduction and various utilities
P2p in social perspective Random thoughts
Emerging Technologies Ultra cheap Telephony
A few phones (or just one) cover a whole village ”Telephone ladies” = entrepreneurs: they buy phones and other
equipment, & then charge for their use Loans (microcredit) from Grameen Bank, support from Grameen
Telecom Grameen Phone uses GSM (not the cheapest technology), but
charges ½ the urban rate for local calls (0.04$/min in 2001) Everyone wins! Farmers & other callers save $$ Telephone ladies earn well, gain independence & respect Grameen Phone earns $$ (major owner: Telenor!) Grameen Bank earns $$, Nobel Peace Prize
Bangladesh (GrameenPhone)
Local = low cost
Standard GSM is used, but all equipment is produced in Brazil low cost
Other needed goods purchased locally when possible Employees are all locally hired (except 2 on management
team) Intense local interaction & contact with customers Local calls (in town) are cheap
unlimited local calls 16$/month, or Plano Basico, local calls, 0.10$/min
Launched in Quixadá May 2005, profitable after 10 mos
Ruralfone (Brazil)
Mesh in the jungle
Isolated complex (2.5 hours by motorized canoe): high school, ecotourism lodge, science center, medical clinic, offices
Wireless broadband (WiFi) in a mesh network (many-to-many, so access points are also routers)
VoIP over the WiFi mesh Solar power, satellite uplink VoIP to Skype: cheap,
but has a delay Plans to link to the cellphone network
Yachana (FUNEDESIN),Amazonas, Ecuador
Towards ultra-cheap telephony(Telenor R&I project) Choose wireless broadband in unlicensed band
no license fee mass-produced components low cost mesh topology, smart antennas open source software handset is not (yet) cheap
focus on stand-alone but accessible communities local calls can be very cheap estimate: 70—80% of calls are local
backhaul: wireless point-to-point connection to nearest town with cellular network
A possible cost target: 0.0015$/minute for local calls
What about peer-to-peer?
P2P works best on top of reliable connections, building an ’overlay network’
So other technologies are needed for cheap local access, while P2P can give very cheap connection on a global scale
localcheap
backhaulmaybe expensive
InternetP2P; cheap
Evolution of Collective Intelligence Tribal Intelligence Pyramidal Structure Swarm Intelligence Collective Intelligence
Sufficient money Open standard Information system to regulate symbolic exchange Permanent connection with cyberspace Personal development to acquire the capabilities of such
cooperation
Cognitive Capitalists All assets abstracted into stocks,
predominance of immaterial flows Knowledge workers clearly becomes the
key sector of the multitudes Vectorial class - hacker class producing
new means of production
P2p Dialogues P2p dialogues are not representative
dialogues in which participants represent their various religions , rather they are encounters of composite and hybrid experience in which each full expresses his different understanding, building a spiritual commons.
Three scenarios of co-existence
Peaceful co-existence Cognitive capitalism partly incorporates,
partly destroying p2p ethos. P2p sphere can work with more and more
autonomy, creating more and more use value, slowly creating a cohesive system within system.
Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network