PARTS OF SPEECH (3)PARTS OF SPEECH (3)

E. ADVERBE. ADVERBAdverb is a part of speech

comprising a class of words that modifies, or adds to the meaning of

A verb (except linking verb)An adjective

Another adverbA sentence

An adverb modifies a verbAn adverb modifies a verbFire from bunsen burner heats the

loop quicklyOlder people eat slowlyYoung children play aggressivelyStudent must work carefully in the

labMy daughter speaks English fluentlyDecrease the temperature

immediately after washing

An adverb modifies an An adverb modifies an adjectiveadjective

The growth is very slowThe city change greatly fastThe food tastes really nice

Our samples are cloudy yellow

An adverb modifies another An adverb modifies another adverbadverbThe cooling period is done too

slowly

An adverb modifies a An adverb modifies a sentencesentence

Unfortunately, we run out of the chemicals

Suddenly, He switch off the reactor

Previously, a researcher has found the microbe

An adverb comes from an An adverb comes from an adjectiveadjectiveAccurate AccuratelyPatient PatientlyCurious CuriouslyCareless Carelessly Extrem Extremly

Adverbs:a. Adverb of manner

She writes slowly and speaks quietly.

b. Adverb of placeI have lived on the island for years.

c. Adverb of frequencyHe feeds the animal every day.They always break their fast with water and dates

d. Adverb of timeWe have to stop eating before dawn.She broke her fast first.

e. Adverb of purposeShe drives her new car carefully to avoid hitting other vehicles.I try many methods to get the best results.

F. PREPOSITIONPreposition is a word that relates noun or noun

phrase to an adverb, an adjective or other words in a sentence.

The most common prepositions are: "about," "above," "across," "after,"

"against," "along,"

"among," "around,"

"at," "before," "behind," "below,"

"beneath," "beside,"

"between," "beyond,"

"but," "by,"

"despite,"

"down," "during," "except,"

"for," "from,"

"in," "inside," "into," "like," "near,"

"of," "off," "on,"

"onto," "out,"

"outside," "over," "past," "since,"

"through,"

"throughout," "till," "to,"

"toward," "under,"

"underneath," "until," "up,"

"upon," "with,"

"within," "without."

ExamplesThe burette is on the table.The bottle of liquid is beneath

the table.My house is across the road.Her lab is beside the main

building.My child can jump over the

table.I fell asleep during lecture.

More ExamplesThe children climbed the mountain

without fear.There was rejoicing throughout the land

when the government was defeated.The spider crawled slowly along the

banister.The dog is hiding under the porch because

it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new pair of shoes.

The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his office.

G. CONJUNCTIONConjunction is word that is used

to join words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

It differs from preposition which relates the noun or noun phrase to an adverb, an adjective or other words in a sentence.

Coordinating conjunction

“And” is used a. to suggest that one idea is

chronologically sequential to another

b. to suggest that one idea is the result of another

c. to suggest that one clause is dependent upon another

d. to suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause.

“But” is used a. to suggest a contrast that is

unexpected in light of the first clause

b. to suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way

c. to connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject.

“Or” is used a. to suggest that only one possibility

can be realizedb. to suggest the inclusive combination

of alternativesc. to suggest a negative conditiond. to suggest a negative alternative

without the use of an imperative

Authority used for this section on the uses of and, but, and or: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993.

Conjunction differs from preposition which relates the noun or noun phrase to an adverb, an adjective or other words in a sentence.

Notice the difference function of “and” and “with” in these sentences!

Susi and Budi are doing the titration (a)

Susi, with Budi is doing the titration (b)

The first sentence above (a) actually joins these sentences:

Susi is doing the titrationBudi is doing the titration

The second sentence above (b) shows the relation between Susi and Budi. It informs the reader that When Susi is doing the titration, Budi is also there. Please note that “Budi is not doing the titration”.

b. Subordinating conjunction Subordinating Conjunction comes at the beginning of a

subordinate or dependent clause. It shows the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence.

For examples: He decided to take the course as though he had been

preparing for this chance all his life. Because she owed some money from him, she had to

work in his restaurant for at least a month. My mother will not go shopping, unless she finds her

purse back.

Other subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, in order that, now that, once, rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while.

c. Correlative conjunctionCorrelative conjunction always appears in

pair and it treats the clause grammatically equal.

For example:My brother sells not only groceries but

also electrical. The teacher said neither pupils in need

nor disabled ones can join the school Whether you win this game or lose it

doesn't matter as long as you do your best.

H. Interjection

Interjection is a word, a phrase or a short sentence which can stand alone.

It is used to exclaim, command, or to express emotion.

When interjection is more forceful, it usually followed by an exclamation mark.

However, Interjection is rarely used in academic writing.

For examples:

Wow, that is incredible!No, thank you!Sorry! I can’t come to your

graduation ceremony.Oh dear! You shouldn’t have

done this!Excuse me!Best regards,

I. Article

Article is word which is used to notify a noun. There are 2 types of article: definite article (the) and indefinite article (a, an).

For examples:

It is a great success that we have cloned a new cell line. The cells now are growing well.

I have to prepare samples for my experiment tomorrow. The samples are a slice of water melon, an apple, a banana, an orange, and a slice of honey dew.