Post on 02-Feb-2021
Papal Encyclicals1
Encyclical (Latin: Litterae Encyclicae)—According to its etymology, an encyclical (from the Greek enkuklios, kuklos meaning a circle) is nothing more than a circular letter. A “circular letter” is a letter sent to a closed group of people with the intention being widely circulated to inform about important matters
Initially Presented
August 18, 2018
Encyclical OverviewOverview
Magisterium
Selection
2
Encyclical
Salutations3
To Our Venerable Brethren the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops,
Bishops, and other Ordinaries having Grace and Communion with the
Apostolic See
Pope Leo XIII 1891Octobri MenseOn the Rosary
To the Bishops of the Catholic
Church
Pope John Paul II 1998
Fides et RatioOn Faith and Reason
To the Bishops, Priests and Deacons, Men and Women religious, lay Faithful, and all
People of Good Will
Pope John Paul II 1995Evangelium Vitae
Of Human Life
To the Bishops, Priests and
Deacons, Consecrated
Persons, and the Lay Faithful
Pope Francis 2013
Lumen FideiOn the Light of Faith
To the Bishops, Priests, Religious,
the Faithful, and to all men of
good will
Pope Paul VI 1967
Popularum ProgressioOn the Development of Peoples
To the Venerable Brethren, Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops and other Local Ordinaries enjoying Peace and Communion
with the Apostolic See
Pope Pius XI 1930Casti Connubii
On Christian Marriage
13
64
2 13
1
9
38
81
1612
30
41
8 7
14
3 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1740
─1758
1758
─1769
1769
─1774
1775
─1799
1800
─1823
1823
─1829
1829
─1830
1831
─1846
1846
─1878
1878
─1903
1903
─1914
1914
─1922
1922
─1939
1939
─1958
1958
─1963
1963
─1978
1978
─2005
2005
─2013
2013
─____
Number of Encyclicals Issued by Pope
Encyclicals issued 1740 to 20184
Range of
topics5
ToneExhort
Commemorate
Condemn
Guide
Praise
Proclaim
Request
• Rites
• Nations, other Religions
• Practices (celibacy, usury, training, etc.)
• Relationships
General & specific
Churches
• Marian Doctrine & Rosary, May/October
• Trinity, Eucharist, Faith/Hope/Charity
• Marriage, Family, Human Life
• Catechesis, errors, heresies, reason
Faith & Virtues
• Evils of the day, Persecutions• Socialism, Communism, Fascism
• Democracy, Capitalism, Materialism
• Labor, Slavery, Rights, Justice
• Education, Modernism, Evolution
Social Order
• Church Fathers, Great Saints
• Missionary
• Holy Years, Indulgences
• Previous Church Practices
Inspiration
•Leo XIII to Francis
Instruct & Apply
•Before Leo XIII (1875)
Warnings & Condemnations
Style
How are we to receive an encyclical?
“In modern times, the encyclical letter has been the instrument for popes to
express their most important teaching….This teaching has lasting
importance and value for the Church, and often for the whole world.”1
“Mindful of Christ's words to his apostles: "He who hears you, hears me",49
the faithful receive with docility the teachings and directives that their
pastors give them in different forms.”2
Credo: I believe in One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church:
The Church is apostolic. She is built on a lasting foundation: "the twelve apostles
of the Lamb" (Rev 21:14). She is indestructible (cf. Mt 16:18). She is upheld infallibly
in the truth: Christ governs her through Peter and the other apostles, who are
present in their successors, the Pope and the college of bishops. 3
“The task of interpreting the Word of God authentically has been entrusted
solely to the Magisterium of the Church, that is, to the Pope and to the
bishops in communion with him.”4
6
Magisterium—the living teaching
office of the ChurchOverview
Magisterium
Selection
7
God comes to meet man:
transmission of Divine Revelation
Divine Revelation
Magisterium
TraditionSacred
Scripture
God reveals Himself speaking to Adam,
Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses,
David, and the prophets.
Sacred Scripture records those words—
images of God’s voice to man—his word,
fulfilled in the Word—Jesus Christ, the
perfect image of the Father.5
“Christ the Lord…command[s] the
apostles to preach the Gospel…the
Revelation of the most high God…
fulfilled in his own person and
promulgated with his own lips.”6
8
Divine Revelation continued in
Tradition, in the Holy Spirit
The apostles handed on what they
received—first from the lips and
example of Christ and later from the
promptings of the Holy Spirit
They preached, set examples, wrote,
established institutions
They left bishops as their successors
This living transmission, accomplished in
the Holy Spirit, is Tradition.7
9
An artist’s impression of St
Paul commissioning Timothy
Magisterium: Interpreting the Word of
God
Interpreting the Word of God, whether in written form or in the form of Tradition, is entrusted to the Magisterium, the Pope and the bishops in communion with him.8
No new revelation: The Magisterium is a servant of the Word of God, teaching only what has been handed on
Church councils and documents
Father’s of the Church
Papal communications
Angelus / Regina Coeli / Apostolic Constitutions / Apostolic Exhortations / Apostolic Letters
Audiences / Books / Encyclicals / Homilies / Jubilee / Motu Proprio / Prayers / Speeches
All encyclicals cite Church council documents, Church Fathers, prior papal communications—including encyclicals—forming one continuous line of teaching
10
In a 19th-century illustration, Pope Pius IX
convenes the First Vatican Council on Dec. 8,
1869, in St. Peter's Basilica. (Credit: RNS.)
Selection of an Encyclical to Study18th/19th/20th/21st Centuries
11
Relevant Encyclicals: 21st&20th Centuries12
Lumen Fidei (Light of Faith)
❖ Pope Francis, June 29, 2013
Deus Caritas Est (God is Love)
❖ Pope Benedict XVI, December 25, 2005
Redemptoris Missio (On Evangelization)
❖ Pope John Paul II, December 7, 1990
Humanae Vitae (On the Regulation of
Human Births)
❖ Pope Paul VI, July 25, 1968
Pacem In Terris (Peace on Earth)
❖ Pope John XXIII, April 11, 1963
Relevant Encyclicals: 20th Century13
Deiparae Virginis Mariae
(On the possibility of defining the Assumption as
a Dogma of the Church)
❖ Pope Pius XII, May 1, 1956
Mystici Corporis Christi (Mystical Body of
Christ)
❖ Pope Pius XII, June 29, 1943
Casti Connubii (On Christian Marriage)
❖ Pope Pius XI, December 31, 1930
In Praeclara Summorum (On Dante)
❖ Pope Benedict XV, April 30, 1921
Relevant Encyclicals:
Turn of 19th Century
14
Pascendi Dominici Gregis (On Modernist
Doctrine)
❖ Pope Pius X, September 8, 1907
Ad Diem Illum Laetissimum (On the
Immaculate Conception)
❖ Pope Pius X, February 2, 1904
Rerum Novarum (On Capital and Labor)
❖ Pope Leo XIII, May 15, 1891
Diuturnum (On the Origin of Civil Power)
❖ Pope Leo XIII, June 29, 1881
Relevant Encyclicals:
18th Century
15
Ubi Primum (On the Immaculate
Conception)
❖ Pope Pius IX, February 2, 1849
Cum Summi (Draw on Scripture and
Tradition)
❖ Pope Clement XIV, December 12, 1769
Ubi Primum (Duties of Bishops)
❖ Pope Benedict XIV, December 3, 1740
AppendicesEncyclical Listing, Line of Popes, Church Council Listing, Line of Church
Fathers
16
Listing: 291 Encyclicals1740 to 2015 AD
17
Encyclicals: 1740 to 1832 AD18No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
1 Benedict XIV Ubi Primum Duties of Bishops 1740 2 Benedict XIV Quanta Cura Traffic in Alms 1741
3 Benedict XIV Nimiam Licentiam Validity of Marriages 1743
4 Benedict XIV Vix Pervenit On Usury 1745
5 Benedict XIV Magnae Nobis On Marriage Impediments 1748
6 Benedict XIV Peregrinantes 1750: Holy Year 1749
7 Benedict XIV Apostolica Constitutio
Preparation for Holy Year 1749
8 Benedict XIV A Quo Primum Jews and Christians 1751 9 Benedict XIV Cum Religiosi On Catechesis 1754
10 Benedict XIV Quod Provinciale Mohammedan Names 1754
11 Benedict XIV Allatae Sunt Observance of Oriental Rites 1755
12 Benedict XIV Ex Quo On the Euchologion 1756
13 Benedict XIV Ex Omnibus On the Ap.Const. Unigenitus 1756
14 Clement XIII A quo die, On Unity among Christians 1758
15 Clement XIII Cum primum, On Observing Canonical Sanctions 1759
16 Clement XIII Appetente Sacro,
On the Spiritual Advantages of Fasting 1759
17 Clement XIII In Dominico agro, On Instruction in the Faith 1761
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
18 Clement XIII Christianae Reipublicae,
On...Anti-Christian Writings 1766
19 Clement XIII Summa quae, On the Church in Poland 1768
20 Clement XIV Decet quam maxime
On Abuses in Taxes & Benefices 1769
21 Clement XIV Cum Summi Proclaiming a Universal Jubilee 1769
22 Clement XIV Inscrutabili Divinae Sapientiae
Proclaiming a Universal Jubilee 1769
23 Clement XIV Salutis nostrae Proclaiming a Universal Jubilee 1774
24 Pius VI Inscrutabile On the Problems of the Pontificate 1775
25 Pius VI Charitas On the Civil Oath in France 1791
26 Pius VII Diu satis. On a Return to Gospel Principles 1800
27 Leo XII Quod hoc ineunte Proclaiming a Universal Jubilee 1824
28 Leo XII Ubi primum On His Assuming the Pontificate 1824
29 Leo XII Charitate Christi Extending Jubilee to Entire Church 1825
30 Pius VIII Traditi humilitati. On His Program for the Pontificate 1829
31 Gregory XVI Summo iugiter studio
On Mixed Marriages 1832
32 Gregory XVI Cum primum On Civil Obedience 1832
Encyclicals: 1832 to 1863 AD19No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
33 Gregory XVI Mirari vos On Liberalism & Indifferentism 1832
34 Gregory XVI Quo graviora On the 'Pragmatic Constitution' 1833
35 Gregory XVI Singulari nos On the Errors of Lammenais 1834
36 Gregory XVI Commissum divinitus
On Church and State 1835
37 Gregory XVI Probe nostis On the Propogation of the Faith 1840
38 Gregory XVI Quas vestro On Mixed Marriages 1841
39 Gregory XVI Inter praecipuas On Biblical Societies 1844
40 Pius IX Qui pluribus On Faith and Religion 1846
41 Pius IX Praedecessores nostros On Aid for Ireland 1847
42 Pius IX Ubi primum On Discipline for Religious 1847
43 Pius IX Ubi primum On the Immaculate Conception 1849
44 Pius IX Nostis et nobiscum On the Church in the Pontifical States 1849
45 Pius IX Exultavit cor nostrum
On the Effects of the Jubilee 1851
46 Pius IX Probe noscitis venerabiles
On the Discipline for Clergy 1852
47 Pius IX Inter multiplices Pleading for Unity of Spirit 1853
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
48 Pius IX Neminem vestrum. On the Persecution of the Armenians 1854
49 Pius IX Optime noscitis.
On the Cath. University of Ireland 1854
50 Pius IX Apostolicae nostrae caritatis.
Urging Prayers for Peace 1854
51 Pius IX Optime noscitis. On Episcopal Meetings 1855
52 Pius IX Singulari quidem. On the Church in Austria 1856
53 Pius IX Cum nuper. On Care for Clerics 1858
54 Pius IX Amantissimi Redemptoris.
On Priests and the Care of Souls 1858
55 Pius IX Ad Apostolorum Principis
On Communism and the Church in China 1858
56 Pius IX Cum Sancta Mater Ecclesia.
Pleading for Public Prayer 1859
57 Pius IX Qui nuper. On Pontifical States 1859
58 Pius IX Nullis certe verbis. On the Need for Civil Sovereignty 1860
59 Pius IX Amantissimus. On the Care of the Churches 1862
60 Pius IX Quanto conficiamur moerore.
On Promotion of False Doctrines 1863
61 Pius IX Incredibili. On Persecution in New Granada 1863
Encyclicals: 1864 to 1884 AD20No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
62 Pius IX Maximae quidem. On the Church in Bavaria 1864
63 Pius IX Quanta Cura Condemning Current Errors 1864
64 Pius IX Meridionali Americae.
Seminary for Native Clergy 1865
65 Pius IX Levate. On the Afflictions of the Church 1867
66 Pius IX Respicientes. Taking of the Pontifical States 1870
67 Pius IX Ubi Nos. On the Pontifical States 1871
68 Pius IX Beneficia Dei. 25th Ann. of Pontificate 1871
69 Pius IX Saepe venerabiles fratres.
Thanksgiving for 25 Years 1871
70 Pius IX Quae in patriarchatu.
On the Church in Chaldea 1872
71 Pius IX Quartus supra. On the Church in Armenia 1873
72 Pius IX Etsi multa.
Church in Italy, Germany, Switzerland 1873
73 Pius IX Vix dum a nobis. On the Church in Austria 1874
74 Pius IX Omnem sollicitudinem.
On the Greek-Ruthenian Rite 1874
75 Pius IX Gravibus Ecclesiae. Proclaiming a Jubilee for 1875 1874
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
76 Pius IX Quod nunquam. On the Church in Prussia 1875
77 Pius IX Graves ac diuturnae.
On the Church in Switzerland 1875
78 Leo XIII Inscrutabili Dei Consilio
On the Evils of Society 1878
79 Leo XIII Quod Apostolici Muneris
On the Evils of Socialism 1878
80 Leo XIII Aeterni Patris
On Restoring Christian Philosophy 1879
81 Leo XIII Grande Munus On Sts. Cyril and Methodius 1880
82 Leo XIII Sancta Dei Civitas On Mission Societies 1880
83 Leo XIII Diuturnum On the Origin of Civil Power 1881
84 Leo XIII Licet Multa On Catholics in Belgium 1881
85 Leo XIII Etsi Nos On Conditions in Italy 1882
86 Leo XIII Auspicato Concessum
On St. Francis of Assisi 1882
87 Leo XIII Cum Multa On Conditions in Spain 1882
88 Leo XIII Supremi Apostolatus Officio
On Devotion of the Rosary 1883
89 Leo XIII Nobilissima Gallorum Gens
On the Religious Question in France 1884
Encyclicals: 1884 to 1891 AD21No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
90 Leo XIII Humanum Genus On Freemasonry 1884
91 Leo XIII On the Recitation of the Rosary On the Rosary (4) 1884
92 Leo XIII Immortale Dei
On the Christian Constitution of States 1885
93 Leo XIII Spectata Fides On Christian Education 1885
94 Leo XIII Quod Auctoritate
Encyclical Proclaiming an Extraordinary Jubilee 1885
95 Leo XIII Iampridem On Catholicism in Germany 1886
96 Leo XIII Quod Multum On the Liberty of the Church 1886
97 Leo XIII Pergrata On the Church in Portugal 1886
98 Leo XIII Vi E Ben Noto On the Rosary and Public Life 1887
99 Leo XIII Officio Sanctissimo On the Church in Bavaria 1887
100 Leo XIII Quod Anniversarius
On the Occasion of the Sacerdotal Jubilee of Leo 1888
101 Leo XIII In Plurimism On the Abolition of Slavery 1888
102 Leo XIII Libertas On the Nature of Human Liberty 1888
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
103 Leo XIII Saepe Nos On Boycotting in Ireland 1888
104 Leo XIII Quam Aerumnosa On Italian Immigrants 1888
105 Leo XIII Etsi Cunctas On the Church in Ireland 1888
106 Leo XIII Exeunte Iam Anno
On the Right Ordering of Christian Life 1888
107 Leo XIII Magni Nobis
On the Catholic University of America 1889
108 Leo XIII Quamquam Pluries On Devotion to St. Joseph 1889
109 Leo XIII Sapientiae Christian On Christians as Citizens 1890
110 Leo XIII Dall On Freemasonry in Italy 1890
111 Leo XIII Catholicae Ecclesiae On Slavery in the Missions 1890
112 Leo XIII In Ipso On Episcopal Reunions in Austria 1891
113 Leo XIII Rerum Novarum On Capital and Labor 1891
114 Leo XIII Pastoralis On Religious Union 1891
115 Leo XIII Pastoralis Officii On the Morality of Dueling 1891
116 Leo XIII Octobri Mense On the Rosary (1) 1891
Encyclicals: 1892 to 1899 AD22No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
117 Leo XIII Au Milieu Des Sollicitudes
On the Church and State in France 1892
118 Leo XIII Quarto Abeunte Saeculo
On the Columbus Quadricentennial 1892
119 Leo XIII Magnae Dei Matris On the Rosary (2) 1892
120 Leo XIII Custodi Di Quella Fede On Freemasonry 1892
121 Leo XIII Inimica Vis On Freemasonry 1892
122 Leo XIII Arcanum On Christian Marriage 1893
123 Leo XIII Ad Extremas On Seminaries for Native Clergy 1893
124 Leo XIII Constanti Hungarorum
On the Church in Hungary 1893
125 Leo XIII Laetitiae Sanctae On the Rosary (3) 1893
126 Leo XIII Providentissimus Deus
On the Study of Holy Scripture 1893
127 Leo XIII Litteras A Vobis On the Clergy in Brazil 1894
128 Leo XIII Iucunda Semper Expectatione On the Rosary (5) 1894
129 Leo XIII Christi Nomen
On Propagation of the Faith & Eastern Churches 1894
130 Leo XIII Permoti Nos
On Social Conditions In Belgium 1895
131 Leo XIII Adiutricem On the Rosary 1895
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
132 Leo XIII Insignes On the Hungarian Millennium 1896
133 Leo XIII Satis Cognitum On the Unity of the Church 1896
134 Leo XIII Fidentem Piumque Animum On the Rosary 1896
135 Leo XIII Divinum Illud Munus On the Holy Spirit 1897
136 Leo XIII Militantis Ecclesiae On St. Peter Canisius 1897
137 Leo XIII Augustissimae Virginis Mariae
On the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary 1897
138 Leo XIII Affari Vos On the Manitoba School Question 1897
139 Leo XIII Caritatis Studium On the Church In Scotland 1898
140 Leo XIII Quam Religiosa On Civil Marriage Law 1898
141 Leo XIII Spesse volte
On the Suppression of Catholic Institutions 1898
142 Leo XIII Diuturni Temporis On the Rosary 1898
143 Leo XIII Quum Diuturnum
On the Latin American Bishops' Plenary Council 1898
144 Leo XIII Annum Sacrum On Consecration to the Sacred Heart 1899
Encyclicals: 1899 to 1907 AD23No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
145 Leo XIII Paternae On the Education of Clergy 1899
146 Leo XIII Depuis Le Jour On the Education of the Clergy 1899
147 Leo XIII Omnibus Compertum
On Unity Among the Greek Melchites 1900
148 Leo XIII Tametsi Futura Prospicientibus
On Jesus Christ the Redeemer 1900
149 Leo XIII Graves De Communi Re
On Christian Democracy 1901
150 Leo XIII Gravissimas On Religious Orders in Portugal 1901
151 Leo XIII Reputantiubus
On the Language Question in Bohemia 1901
152 Leo XIII Urbanitatis Veteris
On the Foundation of a Seminary in Athens 1901
153 Leo XIII In Amplissimo On the Church in the United States 1902
154 Leo XIII Quod Votis On the Proposed Catholic University 1902
155 Leo XIII Mirae Caritatis On the Holy Eucharist 1902
156 Leo XIII Quae Ad Nos
On the Church in Bohemia and Moravia 1902
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
157 Leo XIII Fin Dal Principio On the Education of the Clergy 1902
158 Leo XIII Dum Multa On Marriage Legislation 1902
159 Pius X E Supremi Restoration of all things in Christ 1903
160 Pius X Ad Diem Illum Laetissimum
On the Immaculate Conception 1904
161 Pius X Lucunda Sane On Pope Gregory the Great 1904
162 Pius X Acerbo Nimis On teaching Christian Doctrine 1905
163 Pius X Il Fermo Proposito On Catholic Action in Italy 1905
164 Pius X Vehementer Nos On the French Law of Separation 1906
165 Pius X Tribus Circiter
On the Mariavites or Mystic Priests of Poland 1906
166 Pius X Pieni L On the Clergy in Italy 1906
167 Pius X Gravissimo Officii Munere
On French Associations of Worship 1906
168 Pius X Une Fois Encore On the Separation of Church and State 1907
169 Pius X Pascendi Dominici Gregis
On the Doctrine of the Modernists 1907
Encyclicals: 1909 to 1928 AD24No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
170 Pius X Communium Rerum
On St. Anselm of Aosta 1909
171 Pius X Editae Saepe On St. Charles Borromeo 1910
172 Pius X Lamdudum
On the Law of Separation in Portugal 1911
173 Pius X Lacrimabili Statu On the Indians of South America 1912
174 Pius X Singulari Quadam On Labor Organizations 1912
175 Benedict XV Ad beatissimi apostolorum
Appealing For Peace 1914
176 Benedict XV Humani Generis On Preaching the Word of God 1917
177 Benedict XV Quod iam diu On the Future Peace Conference 1918
178 Benedict XV In hac tanta On St. Boniface 1919
179 Benedict XV Paterno iam diu On the Children of Central Europe 1919
180 Benedict XV Pacem, Dei munus pulcherrimum
On Peace and Christian Reconciliation 1920
181 Benedict XV Spiritus Paraclitus On St. Jerome 1920
182 Benedict XV Principi apostolorum Petro
On St. Ephrem the Syrian 1920
183 Benedict XV Annus iam pelnus On Children of Central Europe 1920
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
184 Benedict XV Sacra propedim On the Third Order of St. Francis 1921
185 Benedict XV In praeclara summorum On Dante 1921
186 Benedict XV Fausto appetente die On St. Dominic 1921
187 Pius XI Ubi Arcano Dei Consilio
On the Peace of Christ in His Kingdom 1922
188 Pius XI Rerum Omnium Perturbationem St. Francis De Sales 1923
189 Pius XI Studiorum Ducem On St. Thomas Aquinas 1923
190 Pius XI Ecclesiam Dei On St. Josaphat 1923
191 Pius XI Maximam Gravissimamque
On French Diocesan Associations 1924
192 Pius XI Quas Primas On the Feast of Christ the King 1925
193 Pius XI Rerum Ecclesiae On Catholic Missions 1926
194 Pius XI Rite Expiatis On St. Francis of Assisi 1926
195 Pius XI Iniquis Afflictisque
On the Persecution of the Church in Mexico 1926
196 Pius XI Mortalium Animos On Religious Unity 1928
197 Pius XI Miserentissimus Redemptor
On Reparation to the Sacred Heart 1928
Encyclicals: 1928 to 1945 AD25No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
198 Pius XI Rerum Orientalium On the Promotion of Oriental Studies 1928
199 Pius XI Mens Nostra
The Promotion of the Spiritual Exercises 1929
200 Pius XI Quinquagesimo Ante
On His Sacerdotal Jubilee 1929
201 Pius XI Divini Illius Magistri On Christian Education 1929
202 Pius XI Ad Salutem On St. Augustine 1930
203 Pius XI Casti Connubii On Christian Marriage 1930
204 Pius XI Quadragesimo Anno
On Reconstruction of the Social Order 1931
205 Pius XI Non Abbiamo Bisogno
On Catholic Action in Italy 1931
206 Pius XI Nova Impendet On the Economic Crisis 1931
207 Pius XI Lux Veritatis On the Council of Ephesus 1931
208 Pius XI Caritate Christi Compulsi
On the Sacred Heart 1932
209 Pius XI Acerba animi
On Persecution of the Church in Mexico 1932
210 Pius XI Dilectissima Nobis On Oppression of the Church of Spain 1933
211 Pius XI Ad Catholici Sacerdotii
On the Catholic Priesthood 1935
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
212 Pius XI Vigilanti Cura On Motion Pictures 1936
213 Pius XI Mit Brennender Sorge
On the Church and the German Reich 1937
214 Pius XI Divini Redemptoris On Atheistic Communism 1937
215 Pius XI Nos es muy conocida
On the Religious Situation in Mexico 1937
216 Pius XI Ingravescentibus Malis On the Rosary 1937
217 Pius XII Summi Pontificatus On the Unity of Human Society 1939
218 Pius XII Sertum Laetitiae
On the Start of the Church in the United States 1939
219 Pius XII Saeculo Exeunte Octavo
On the Independence of Portugal 1940
220 Pius XII Mystici Corporis Christi
On the Mystical Body of Christ 1943
221 Pius XII Divino Afflante Spiritu
On Promoting Biblical Studies 1943
222 Pius XII Orientalis Ecclesiae
On St. Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria 1944
223 Pius XII
Communium Interpretes Dolorarum.
An Appeal for Prayers for Peace 1945
Encyclicals: 1945 to 1956 AD26No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
224 Pius XII Orientales Omnes Ecclesias
On the Reunion of the Ruthenian Church with Rome 1945
225 Pius XII Quemadmodum
A Plea for the Care of the World's Destitute Children 1946
226 Pius XII Deiparae Virginis Mariae
On the Possibility of Defining the Assumption as a Dogma of the Church 1946
227 Pius XII Fulgens Radiatur On St. Benedict 1947
228 Pius XII Mediator Dei On the Sacred Liturgy 1947
229 Pius XII Optatissima Pax On Public Prayers for Peace 1947
230 Pius XII Auspicia Quaedam On Public Prayers for Peace (2) 1948
231 Pius XII In Multiplicibus Curis
On Prayers for Peace in Palestine 1948
232 Pius XII Redemptoris Nostri Cruciatus
On the Holy Places in Palestine 1949
233 Pius XII Anni Sacri
On Combating Atheistic Propaganda 1950
234 Pius XII Summi Maeroris On Public Prayers for Peace(3) 1950
235 Pius XII Humani Generis On Evolution 1950
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
236 Pius XII Mirabile Illud On the Crusade of Prayer for Peace 1950
237 Pius XII Evangelii Praecones On Promotion of Catholic Missions 1951
238 Pius XII Sempiternus Rex Christus
On the Council of Chalcedon 1951
239 Pius XII Ingruentium Malorum
On Reciting the Rosary 1951
240 Pius XII Nemo certe ignorat On Discipline for Clergy 1952
241 Pius XII Orientales Ecclesias On the Persecuted Eastern Church 1952
242 Pius XII Doctor Mellifluus
On St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the Last of the Fathers 1953
243 Pius XII Fulgens Corona Proclaiming a Marian Year 1953
244 Pius XII Sacra Virginitas On Consecrated Virginity 1954
245 Pius XII Ecclesiae Fastos On St. Boniface 1954
246 Pius XII Ad Sinarum Gentem
On the Supra-nationality of the Church 1954
247 Pius XII Ad Caeli Reginam Proclaiming the Queenship of Mary 1954
248 Pius XII Musicae Sacrae On Sacred Music 1955
249 Pius XII Haurietis Aquas On Devotion to the Sacred Heart 1956
Encyclicals: 1956 to 1987 AD27No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
250 Pius XII Luctuosissimi Eventus
On Prayers for the People of Hungary 1956
251 Pius XII Laetamur Admodum
On Prayers for Peace for Poland, Hungary and the Middle East 1956
252 Pius XII Datis Nuperrime
Condemning the Ruthless Use of Force in Hungary 1956
253 Pius XII Fidei Donum
On the Condition of the Catholic Missions 1957
254 Pius XII Invicti Athletae On St. Andrew Bobola 1957
255 Pius XII Le Pelerinage De Lourdes
Warning Against Materialism 1957
256 Pius XII Miranda Prorsus
On the Communications Field 1957
257 Pius XII Meminisse Iuvat On Prayers for the Persecuted Church 1958
258 John XXIII Ad Petri Cathedram On Truth, Unity and Peace 1959
259 John XXIII Sacerdotii Nostri Primordia On St. John Vianney 1959
260 John XXIII Grata Recordatio On the Rosary 1959 261 John XXIII Princeps Pastorum On the Missions 1959
262 John XXIII Mater Et Magistra Christianity and Social Progress 1961
No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) Encyclical (English) Year
263 John XXIII Aeterna Dei Sapientia
On St. Leo the Great 1961
264 John XXIII Paenitentiam Agere On the Need for Penance 1962
265 John XXIII Pacem In Terris Peace on Earth 1963 266 Paul VI Ecclesiam Suam. On the Church 1964
267 Paul VI Mense Maio On Praying to Mary During May 1965
268 Paul VI Mysterium Fidei Mysterium Fidei 1965
269 Paul VI Christi Matri On Prayers to Mary for Peace 1966
270 Paul VI Populorum Progressio
On the Development of Peoples 1967
271 Paul VI Sacerdotalis Caelibatus
On the Celibacy of the Priest 1967
272 Paul VI Humanae Vitae On Human Life 1968 273 John Paul II Redemptor Hominis Redeemer of Man 1979
274 John Paul II Dives In Misericordia
On the Mercy of God 1980
275 John Paul II Laborem Exercens On Human Work 1981
276 John Paul II Slavorum Apostoli Apostles to the Slavs 1985
277 John Paul II Dominum Et Vivificantem On the Holy Spirit 1986
278 John Paul II Redemptoris Mater Mother of the Redeemer 1987
Encyclicals: 1740 to 1832 AD28No. Pope Encyclical (Latin)
Encyclical (English) Year
279 John Paul II Sollicitudo Rei Socialis
On the Social Teaching of the Church 1987
280 John Paul II Redemptoris Missio On Evangelization 1990 281 John Paul II Centesimus Annus On Rerum Novarum 1991
282 John Paul II Veritatis Splendor Splendor of the Truth 1993
283 John Paul II Evangelium Vitae On Human Life 1995
284 John Paul II Ut Unum Sint That They May Be One 1995
285 John Paul II Fides et ratio Faith and Reason 1998
286 John Paul II Ecclesia de Eucharistia
On the Eucharits and in its Relationship to the Church 2003
287 Benedict XVI Deus Caritas Est God is Love 2005
288 Benedict XVI Spe Salvi Spe Salvi: In Hope We Are Saved 2007
289 Benedict XVI Caritas in Veritate Caritas in Veritate 2009 290 Francis Lumen Fidei Light of Faith 2013
291 Francis Laudato Si On Care for Our Common Home 2015
Listing: 266 Popes,
Lineage of St. Peter 32 to 2018 AD
29
Popes: 32 to 561AD30
No. Pope Years No. Pope Years No. Pope Years
1. St. Peter 32─67 21. St. Cornelius 251─253 41. St. Zosimus 417─418
2. St. Linus 67─76 22. St. Lucius I 253─254 42. St. Boniface I 418─422
3. St. Anacletus 76─88 23. St. Stephen I 254─257 43. St. Celestine I 422─432
4. St. Clement I 88─97 24. St. Sixtus II 257─258 44. St. Sixtus III 432─440
5. St. Evaristus 97─105 25. St. Dionysius 260─268 45. St. Leo I (the Great) 440─461
6. St. Alexander I 105─115 26. St. Felix I 269─274 46. St. Hilarius 461─468
7. St. Sixtus I 115─125 27. St. Eutychian 275─283 47. St. Simplicius 468─483
8. St. Telesphorus 125─136 28. St. Caius 283─296 48. St. Felix III 483─492
9. St. Hyginus 136─140 29. St. Marcellinus 296─304 49. St. Gelasius I 492─496
10. St. Pius I 140─155 30. St. Marcellus I 308─309 50. Anastasius II 496─498
11. St. Anicetus 155─166 31. St. Eusebius 309─310 51. St. Symmachus 498─514
12. St. Soter 166─175 32. St. Miltiades 311─314 52. St. Hormisdas 514─523
13. St. Eleutherius 175─189 33. St. Sylvester I 314─335 53. St. John I 523─526
14. St. Victor I 189─199 34. St. Marcus 336─336 54. St. Felix IV 526─530
15. St. Zephyrinus 199─217 35. St. Julius I 337─352 55. Boniface II 530─532
16. St. Callistus I 217─222 36. Liberius 352─366 56. John II 533─535
17. St. Urban I 222─230 37. St. Damasus I 366─383 57. St. Agapetus I
(St. Agapitus I) 535─536
18. St. Pontain 230─235 38. St. Siricius 384─399 58. St. Silverius 536─537
19. St. Anterus 235─236 39. St. Anastasius 399─401 59. Vigilius 537─555
20. St. Fabian 236─250 40. St. Innocent I 401─417 60. Pelagius I 556─561
Popes: 561 to 913 AD31
No. Pope Years No. Pope Years No. Pope Years
61. John III 561─574 81. St. Benedict II 684─685 101. Gregory IV 827─844
62. Benedict I 575─579 82. John V 685─686 102. Sergius II 844─847
63. Pelagius II 579─590 83. Conon 686─687 103. St. Leo IV 847─855
64. St. Gregory I the
Great 590─604
84. St. Sergius I 687─701
104. Benedict III 855─858
65. Sabinian 604─606 85. John VI 701─705
105. St. Nicholas I the
Great
858─867
66. Boniface III 607─607 86. John VII 705─707 106. Adrian II 867─872
67. St. Boniface IV 608─615 87. Sisinnius 708─708 107. John VIII 872─882
68. St. Deusdedit (Adeodatus I) 615─618 88. Constantine 708─715 108. Marinus I 882─884
69. Boniface V 619─625 89. St. Gregory II 715─731 109. St. Adrian III 884─885
70. Honorius I 625─638 90. St. Gregory III 731─741 110. Stephen V 885─891
71. Severinus 640─640 91. St. Zachary 741─752 111. Formosus 891─896
72. John IV 640─642 92. Stephen II 752─757 112. Boniface VI 896─896
73. Theodore I 642─649 93. St. Paul I 757─767 113. Stephen VI 896─897
74. St. Martin I 649─655 94. Stephen III 768─772 114. Romanus 897─897
75. St. Eugene I 655─657 95. Adrian I 772─795 115. Theodore II 897─897
76. St. Vitalian 657─672 96. St. Leo III 795─816 116. John IX 898─900
77. Adeodatus (II) 672─676 97. Stephen IV 816─817 117. Benedict IV 900─903
78. Donus 676─678 98. St. Paschal I 817─824 118. Leo V 903─903
79. St. Agatho 678─681 99. Eugene II 824─827 119. Sergius III 904─911
80. St. Leo II 682─683 100. Valentine 827─827 120. Anastasius III 911─913
Popes: 913 to 1254 AD32
No. Pope Years No. Pope Years No. Pope Years
121. Lando 913─914 141. John XVIII 1003─1009 161. Gelasius II 1118─1119
122. John X 914─928 142. Sergius IV 1009─1012 162. Callistus II 1119─1124
123. Leo VI 928─928 143. Benedict VIII 1012─1024 163. Honorius II 1124─1130
124. Stephen VII 929─931 144. John XIX 1024─1032 164. Innocent II 1130─1143
125. John XI 931─935 145. Benedict IX 1032─1045 165. Celestine II 1143─1144
126. Leo VII 936─939 146. Sylvester III (1045) 1045─1045 166. Lucius II 1144─1145
127. Stephen VIII 939─942 147. Benedict IX 1045─1045 167. Blessed Eugene III 1145─1153
128. Marinus II 942─946 148. Gregory VI 1045─1046 168. Anastasius IV 1153─1154
129. Agapetus II 946─955 149. Clement II 1046─1047 169. Adrian IV 1154─1159
130. John XII 955─963 150. Benedict IX 1047─1048 170. Alexander III 1159─1181
131. Leo VIII 963─964 151. Damasus II 1048─1048 171. Lucius III 1181─1185
132. Benedict V 964─964 152. St. Leo IX 1049─1054 172. Urban III 1185─1187
133. John XIII 965─972 153. Victor II 1055─1057 173. Gregory VIII 1187─1187
134. Benedict VI 973─974 154. Stephen IX 1057─1058 174. Clement III 1187─1191
135. Benedict VII 974─983 155. Nicholas II 1058─1061 175. Celestine III 1191─1198
136. John XIV 983─984 156. Alexander II 1061─1073 176. Innocent III 1198─1216
137. John XV 985─996 157. St. Gregory VII 1073─1085 177. Honorius III 1216─1227
138. Gregory V 996─999 158. Blessed Victor III 1086─1087 178. Gregory IX 1227─1241
139. Sylvester II 999─1003 159. Blessed Urban II 1088─1099 179. Celestine IV 1241─1241
140. John XVII 1003─1003 160. Paschal II 1099─1118 180. Innocent IV 1243─1254
Popes: 1254 to 1689 AD33
No. Pope Years No. Pope Years No. Pope Years
181. Alexander IV 1254─1261 201. Gregory XI 1370─1378 221. Julius III 1550─1555
182. Urban IV 1261─1264 202. Urban VI 1378─1389 222. Marcellus II 1555─1555
183. Clement IV 1265─1268 203. Boniface IX 1389─1404 223. Paul IV 1555─1559
184. Blessed Gregory X 1271─1276 204. Innocent VII 1404─1406 224. Pius IV 1559─1565
185. Blessed Innocent V 1276─1276 205. Gregory XII 1406─1415 225. St. Pius V 1566─1572
186. Adrian V 1276─1276 206. Martin V 1417─1431 226. Gregory XIII 1572─1585
187. John XXI 1276─1277 207. Eugene IV 1431─1447 227. Sixtus V 1585─1590
188. Nicholas III 1277─1280 208. Nicholas V 1447─1455 228. Urban VII 1590─1590
189. Martin IV 1281─1285 209. Callistus III 1455─1458 229. Gregory XIV 1590─1591
190. Honorius IV 1285─1287 210. Pius II 1458─1464 230. Innocent IX 1591─1591
191. Nicholas IV 1288─1292 211. Paul II 1464─1471 231. Clement VIII 1592─1605
192. St. Celestine V 1294─1294 212. Sixtus IV 1471─1484 232. Leo XI 1605─1605
193. Boniface VIII 1294─1303 213. Innocent VIII 1484─1492 233. Paul V 1605─1621
194. Blessed Benedict
XI
1303─1304 214. Alexander VI 1492─1503
234. Gregory XV 1621─1623
195. Clement V 1305─1314 215. Pius III 1503─1503 235. Urban VIII 1623─1644
196. John XXII 1316─1334 216. Julius II 1503─1513 236. Innocent X 1644─1655
197. Benedict XII 1334─1342 217. Leo X 1513─1521 237. Alexander VII 1655─1667
198. Clement VI 1342─1352 218. Adrian VI 1522─1523 238. Clement IX 1667─1669
199. Innocent VI 1352─1362 219. Clement VII 1523─1534 239. Clement X 1670─1676
200. Blessed Urban V 1362─1370
220. Paul III 1534─1549
240. Blessed Innocent
XI
1676─1689
Popes: 1689 to 2018+ AD34
No. Pope Years No. Pope Years
241. Alexander VIII 1689─1691 261. St. John XXIII 1958─1963
242. Innocent XII 1691─1700 262. St. Paul VI 1963─1978
243. Clement XI 1700─1721 263. John Paul I 1978─1978
244. Innocent XIII 1721─1724 264. St. John Paul II 1978─2005
245. Benedict XIII 1724─1730 265. Benedict XVI 2005─2013
246. Clement XII 1730─1740 266. Francis 2013─20XX
247. Benedict XIV 1740─1758
248. Clement XIII 1758─1769
249. Clement XIV 1769─1774
250. Pius VI 1775─1799
251. Pius VII 1800─1823
252. Leo XII 1823─1829 266 Popes
253. Pius VIII 1829─1830 186 Not declared saints
254. Gregory XVI 1831─1846 80 Declared saints
255. Blessed Pius IX 1846─1878
256. Leo XIII 1878─1903
257. St. Pius X 1903─1914
258. Benedict XV 1914─1922
259. Pius XI 1922─1939
260. Servant of God
Pius XII
1939─1958
Listing: 21 Ecumenical Church
Councils325 to 1965 AD
35
Church Councils: 325 to 787 AD36
No. Counsel TopicUnder
PopeEmperor
No. of
Bishops Year(s)
I. FIRST COUNCIL OF NICAEA Nicene Creed / Divinity of the Son of God (vs. Arian
heresy) / Fixing the date for keeping EasterSylvester Constantine 318 325
II. FIRST COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE Nicene Creed: added Holy Ghost and all after / Divinity of
the Holy Ghost (vs Macedonius)Damasus Theodosius I 150 381
III. COUNCIL OF EPHESUS True personal unity of Christ / Mary the Mother of
God (theotokos) (vs Nestorius) / Re-condemned PelagiusCelestine I 200 431
IV. COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON Two (2) natures (Divine and human) in Christ (vs.
Eutyches)Leo the Great Marcian 150 451
V. SECOND COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE Confirmed the first four general councils / Condemned
errors: Origen, Theodoret, Ibas Vigilius Justinian I 165 553
VI. THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
Two (2) wills in Christ, the Divine and the human, as
two distinct principles of operation (end Monothelitism)/
Anathematized Sergius, Pyrrhus, Paul, Macarius
AgathoConstantine
Pogonatus174 680-681
VII. SECOND COUNCIL OF NICAEA Veneration of holy images / Emporer's mother Irene
attendedAdrian I
Constantine
VI 300-367 787
Church Councils: 869 to 1245 AD37
No. Counsel TopicUnder
PopeEmperor
No. of
Bishops Year(s)
VIII. FOURTH COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
Condemned Photius (false council) / The Photian Schism
triumphed in the Greek Church, and no other general
council took place in the East
Adrian II Basil 102 869
IX. FIRST LATERAN COUNCIL
First in Rome / Abolished investiture to ecclesiastical
benefices / Church discipline / Recovery of the Holy Land
from the infidels
Callistus II 900 1123
X. SECOND LATERAN COUNCIL End errors of Arnold of Brescia Innocent II Conrad 1,000 1139
XI. THIRD LATERAN COUNCIL Condemned the Albigenses and Waldenses / Numerous
decrees for the reformation of morals Alexander III Frederick I 302 1179
XII. FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL
St. Dominic and Primate of the Maronites attended /
Issued an enlarged creed (vs Albigenses) / Condemned the
Trinitarian errors (vs Abbot Joachim) / 70 reformatory
decrees / Most important council of the Middle Ages /
Marks the culminating point of ecclesiastical life and
papal power
Innocent III 483 1215
XIII. FIRST COUNCIL OF LYONS
Baldwin II, Emperor of the East, and St. Louis, King of
France attended / Excommunicated and deposed Emperor
Frederick II / Directed a new crusade, under the command
of St. Louis (vs Saracens and Mongols)
Innocent IVBaldwin II /
St. Louis140 1245
Church Councils: 1274 to 1439 AD38
No. Counsel TopicUnder
PopeEmperor
No. of
Bishops Year(s)
XIV. SECOND COUNCIL OF LYONS
Effected a temporary reunion of the Greek Church with
Rome / Word filioque was added to the symbol of
Constantinople / Sought recovering Palestine from the
Turks / Laid down the rules for papal elections
Gregory X 515 1274
XV. COUNCIL OF VIENNE
Clement V, the first of the Avignon popes / Philip IV of
France, Edward II of England, and James II of Aragon /
Errors to Knights Templars, Fraticelli, Beghards, Beguines
/ Projects of a new crusade / Reformation of the clergy /
Teaching of Oriental languages in the universities
Clement V 3 Kings 300 1311-
1313
XVI. COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE
Held during the great Schism of the West, with the object
of ending the divisions in the Church / End to the schism
by the election of Pope Martin V / Confirmed the former
decrees of the synod against Wyclif and Hus
Gregory XII /
Martin V
1414-
1418
XVII. COUNCIL OF BASLE/FERRARA/FLORENCE
Religious pacification of Bohemia / Council transferred fm
Basle to Ferrara (1438), to Florence (1439) / Short-lived
union with the Greek Church / Extirpation of heresy /
Peace of Christendom / Reform of the Church / Rights of
the Holy See
Eugene IV Sigismund1431-
1439
Church Councils: 325 to 1965 AD39
No. Counsel TopicUnder
PopeEmperor
No. of
Bishops Year(s)
XVIII. FIFTH LATERAN COUNCIL
Disciplinary / A new crusade against the Turks planned,
but came to naught, owing to the religious upheaval in
Germany caused by Luther
Popes Julius II
/ Leo XMaximilian I 95
1512-
1517
XIX. COUNCIL OF TRENT
Examine and condemn errors (Luther and other
Reformers) / Reform the discipline of the Church /
Longest, Largest number of dogmatic and reformatory
decrees, and produced the most beneficial results
Paul III, Julius
III, Marcellus
II, Paul IV and
Pius IV
Charles V /
Ferdinand271
1545-
1563
XX. FIRST VATICAN COUNCIL
Still (1908) unfinished / Canons relating to the Faith and
the constitution of the Church / Decreed the infallibility of
the pope when speaking ex cathedra, i.e. when as
shepherd and teacher of all Christians / Defines a doctrine
concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church
Pius IX 803 1869-
1870
XXI. SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL 16 Documents issued / often referred to in EnclyclicalsJohn XXIII /
Paul VI
1962-
1965
Listing: Church Fathers32 to 2018 AD
40
Church Fathers: Alexander to John Chrysostom41
No. The Fathers of the Church
1 Alexander of Alexandria [SAINT]
2 Alexander of Lycopolis
3 Ambrose (340-397) [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
4 Aphrahat/Aphraates (c. 280-367)
6 Archelaus
7 Aristides the Philosopher
8 Arnobius
9 Athanasius [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
10 Athenagoras
11 Augustine of Hippo [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
12 Bardesanes (154-222)
13 Barnabas [SAINT]
14 Basil the Great [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
15 Caius
16 Clement of Alexandria [SAINT]
17 Clement of Rome [SAINT]
18 Commodianus
19 Cyprian of Carthage [SAINT]
No. The Fathers of the Church
20 Cyril of Jerusalem [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
21 Dionysius of Rome [SAINT]
22 Dionysius the Great
23 Ephraim the Syrian (306-373) [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
24 Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 265-c. 340)
25 Gennadius of Marseilles
26 Gregory Nazianzen [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
27 Gregory of Nyssa [SAINT]
28 Gregory Thaumaturgus [SAINT]
29 Gregory the Great, Pope (c. 540-
604) [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
30 Hermas
31 Hilary of Poitiers [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
32 Hippolytus [SAINT]
33 Ignatius of Antioch [SAINT]
34 Irenaeus of Lyons [SAINT]
35 Jerome [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
36 John Cassian (c. 360-c. 435)
37 John Chrysostom [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
Church Fathers: John of Damascus to Vincent of Lerins
42
No. The Fathers of the Church
38 John of Damascus [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
39 Julius Africanus
40 Justin Martyr [SAINT]
41 Lactantius
42 Leo the Great, Pope (c. 395-
461) [SAINT] [DOCTOR]
43 Malchion
44 Mar Jacob (452-521)
45 Mathetes
46 Methodius
47 Minucius Felix
48 Miscellaneous
49 Moses of Chorene (c. 400-c. 490)
50 Novatian
51 Origen
52 Pamphilus [SAINT]
No. The Fathers of the Church
53 Papias [SAINT]
54 Peter of Alexandria [SAINT]
55 Polycarp [SAINT]
56 Rufinus
57 Socrates Scholasticus (c. 379-c. 450)
58 Sozomen (c. 375-c. 447)
59 Sulpitius Severus (c. 363-c. 420)
60 Tatian
61 Tertullian
62 Theodoret
63 Theodotus
64 Theophilus
65 Venantius
66 Victorinus [SAINT]
67 Vincent of Lérins (d. c. 450) [SAINT]