Post on 24-Dec-2015
Palestinian Migration under the occupationComparative study about the residents of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem
NISHIKIDA Aiko, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
HAMANAKA Shingo, Yamagata University
12th International Conference: " Migration and Democracy”, Centre de Documentation sur les Migrations Humaines
14 June 2012, Rathaus der Stadt Düdelingen, Luxembourg
Purpose of the study
• To clarify the current situation of the Palestinian migration
• To investigate how their migration is influenced by the Israeli distinctive democracy and its stratified citizenship
• To explore relationship between migration and citizenship under occupation
Democracy and citizenship in Israel
• Independence and democracy declared in 1948
• Original dilemma: “a Jewish and democratic state” derived from Zionism
• More than 1.5 million of non-Jewish residents (25 % of the population)
Overview of the research
• Poll survey conducted in July 211 in cooperation with JMCC (Jerusalem Media and Communication Centre)
• Research fund by KAKENHI, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (A) No. 23681052 sponsored by the Ministry of Education , Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) in Japan
• Representative sample from 18 to 65 years old in the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem
Figure 1.Destination of the Palestinian emigration (%)
Palestine Gulf States
Jordan Egypt United State
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0 44.7
18.0 15.8
9.3
4.3
17.4
38.1
10.1
6.1
15.9
ExperienceDesire
Reasons of migration
• Purpose-based reason• Exodus incurred by Israeli occupation• Daily moves inside the West Bank, Gaza
Strip and Occupied Palestine
• Resource-based reason• Restriction of movement• Economic condition
Table 1. Emigrants by Destination and Reasons (Desire)
Higher Income
SkillDevelop
FamilyNetwork
CulturalSimilarity
EasyImmigre
Palestine ◎ ◎ 〇 ◎ △Gulf States ◎ ◎ 〇 ◎ △Jordan 〇 〇 ◎ ◎ ◎Egypt △ ◎ ◎ ◎ △United States ◎ ◎ △ △ △
(Notes) △ : ~ 40%, 〇 :40 ~ 50%, :50%◎ ~
Table 2. Emigrants by Destination and Reasons (Experience)
Higher Income
FamilyNetwork
CulturalSimilarity
PastLiving
Palestine 〇 ◎ ◎ △Gulf States ◎ ◎ 〇 〇Jordan ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎Egypt △ ◎ ◎ ◎United States ◎ ◎ △ △
(Notes) △ : ~ 40%, 〇 :40 ~ 50%, :50%◎ ~
Figure 2. ID type of the Palestinians
92.4
6.7
ID type(%)
PalestineJerusalemiteIsraelNo ID
Figure 3. Passport Type of the Palestinians
50.3
15.8
29.7
Passport type(%)
PalestinianJordanianEgyptianIsraeliUSNo Passport
Table 6
Figure 4. Distribution of Stayed Countries by Passport type (%)
No Emigrate More than Once0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9078.9
21.1
56.5
43.5
Palestinian
Jordanian
χ2=53.237, DF=3, p<.001.
the Kruskal-Wallis Test to reject the null hypothesis that there is no linkage between groups (p<.0001)
Figure 5. Distribution of Stayed Countries by districts
West Bank Gaza Jerusalem50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
77.7 80.9 73.8
16.3 13.9
20.0
6.0 5.3 6.2
Over TwiceOnceNo Emigrate
Stratified citizenship
• Different statuses for migration – result of the stratified citizenship
• Alternative policy for non-Jewish minority in Israel
• Residents of the Occupied Territories and East Jerusalem – non citizens, but with actual citizenship in Israeli political system
Conclusion
• Stratified citizenship reflects Israeli unique democracy
• Difficulty of migration for Palestinians – limited resources
• Palestinians as active migrants – migration as strategy of living
• Citizenship as a divide-and-conquer strategy of minorities