Post on 21-Jan-2016
OverviewOverview
Victims’ responses to discriminationVictims’ responses to discrimination Ways to reduce Ways to reduce
prejudice/discriminationprejudice/discrimination ContactContact RecategorizationRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Jigsaw classroom ConfrontationConfrontation Unlearning stereotype associationsUnlearning stereotype associations
ContactContact
Contact hypothesisContact hypothesis Under certain conditions, direct Under certain conditions, direct
contact between members of contact between members of different groups can reduce different groups can reduce intergroup stereotyping, prejudice, intergroup stereotyping, prejudice, and discriminationand discrimination. .
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
ContactContact
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
Conditions:Conditions:
1.1. Groups have equal status within Groups have equal status within contact situationcontact situation
2.2. Groups share common goalsGroups share common goals
3.3. Situation involves intergroup Situation involves intergroup cooperationcooperation
4.4. Contact is supported by authorityContact is supported by authority
5.5. Situation provides members with Situation provides members with opportunity to become friendsopportunity to become friends
ContactContact
The evidenceThe evidence Does contact actually reduce Does contact actually reduce
prejudice and discrimination?prejudice and discrimination?
The evidence is mixedThe evidence is mixed There are too many conditions to There are too many conditions to
satisfysatisfy
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
RecategorizationRecategorization
Based on social identity theory Based on social identity theory and social categorization and social categorization theorytheory
Remove borders between Remove borders between groups (i.e., create new groups (i.e., create new categories)categories)
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
MeMe against the world against the world
UsUs against the world against the world
UsUs against the world against the world
UsUs against the world against the world
UsUs against the world against the world
RecategorizationRecategorization
The evidenceThe evidence Does recategorization actually Does recategorization actually
reduce prejudice and reduce prejudice and discrimination?discrimination?
As long as a As long as a common ingroup common ingroup identityidentity is created (e.g., Sherif’s is created (e.g., Sherif’s Robber’s Cave study)Robber’s Cave study)
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
X
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
Elliot AronsonElliot Aronson Divide students into groups of 5 Divide students into groups of 5
or 6or 6 Each student is responsible for a Each student is responsible for a
specific taskspecific task Encourages mutual Encourages mutual
interdependence rather than interdependence rather than competitioncompetition
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
The evidenceThe evidence Does the jigsaw classroom Does the jigsaw classroom
actually reduce prejudice and actually reduce prejudice and discrimination?discrimination?
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
ConfrontationConfrontation
What would happen if you What would happen if you confronted people with their confronted people with their stereotypes and biases?stereotypes and biases?
If you make people aware that If you make people aware that they are being prejudiced, will they are being prejudiced, will they become less prejudiced?they become less prejudiced?
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
Thought suppression testThought suppression test
ConfrontationConfrontation
Macrae et al. (1994). Out of Macrae et al. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the reboundStereotypes on the rebound
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
Passage 1Passage 1
Please write about a day in the life…Please write about a day in the life…
Passage 2Passage 2
Please write about a day in the life…Please write about a day in the life…
Macrae resultsMacrae results
Suppressstereotype Control
Passage 1
Passage 2
5.54 6.95
7.83 7.08
ConfrontationConfrontation
The evidenceThe evidence Does confrontation actually Does confrontation actually
reduce prejudice and reduce prejudice and discrimination?discrimination?
Not necessarily; it may actually Not necessarily; it may actually make them make them moremore prejudiced! prejudiced!
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
Unlearning stereotype Unlearning stereotype associationsassociations
If stereotypes are learned and If stereotypes are learned and become become automaticautomatic through through repetition, then can they be repetition, then can they be eliminated in the same way?eliminated in the same way?
Kawakami et al. (2000)Kawakami et al. (2000)
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
Unlearning stereotype Unlearning stereotype associationsassociations
1.1. Pretest: Measure automatic Pretest: Measure automatic associations between target and associations between target and stereotype wordstereotype word
2.2. TrainingTraining
3.3. Posttest: Same as pretestPosttest: Same as pretest
Do automatic associations Do automatic associations between targets and stereotype between targets and stereotype words become weaker after words become weaker after training?training?
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
TrainingTraining
Picture ofPicture oftarget target
(Skinhead)(Skinhead)++
StereotypeStereotypeword word
(e.g., angry)(e.g., angry)““No”No”==
Picture ofPicture oftarget target
(Skinhead)(Skinhead)++
NonstereotypeNonstereotypewordword
(e.g., friendly)(e.g., friendly)““Yes”Yes”==
AngryAngry
FriendlyFriendly
ViolentViolent
Unlearning stereotype Unlearning stereotype associationsassociations
The evidenceThe evidence Does training to unlearn Does training to unlearn
stereotype associations actually stereotype associations actually reduce prejudice and reduce prejudice and discrimination?discrimination?
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
Before training After training
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
Summing upSumming up Modern types of racism Modern types of racism
require more modern require more modern techniquestechniques
The more we know about The more we know about prejudice, the more prejudice, the more sophisticated techniques we sophisticated techniques we can develop to prevent itcan develop to prevent it
ContactContact
RecategorizationRecategorization
Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom
ConfrontationConfrontation
Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations
1940s1940s
20002000