Post on 30-Dec-2015
OVERVIEW:OVERVIEW:
The Industrial “Revolution” moved from The Industrial “Revolution” moved from England to America after the American England to America after the American
Revolution, thereby transforming the Revolution, thereby transforming the nation’s economy.nation’s economy.
“1780s - 1800 America”97% of Americans lived on farms
“Every man is in some measure an artist - he is a husbandsman (farmer) in summer and mechanic in winter” - Noah Webster [1785]
Family Labor System-Home and work intermixed-Informal family “apprentices”-No fixed prices and money rarely
exchanged (“just prices” set up)
-Slow, unscheduled task-oriented pace
Urban Artisans and Workers-Apprentice - Journeyman - Master
Craftsmen system-Apprentices lived and worked with
master craftsmen-No separation of work and leisure-Male-dominated system Patriarchal organizationPatriarchal organization
PRE-INDUSTRIALSOCIAL ORDER
"Mechanics & Farmers"Artisans and Yeoman
farmers
"Enslaved"African slaves
"Paupers"Depended on public
charity
"Laboring Poor"Ordinary laborers,
servants, small farmers
"Professionals"Lawyers, ministers,teachers, doctors,
public officials
"Urban merchants""Planter Aristocracy"
1790s - 1840s America1790s - 1840s AmericaResult of rapid
improvements in:Transportation-People & goods moved with
new ease & speed
Commercialization-Replacement of household
& barter w/ production of goods for cash market
Industrialization-Use of power-driven
machinery to produce goods once made by hand
NEW SOCIAL ORDERMarket Revolution ended the old social order
"The first thing that strikes one in the United States is the innumerable crowd of thosestriving to escape from their original condition." ~ Alexis de Tocqueville
By 1840Top 1% owned 40%of the nation's wealth
Needed to demand certain habits andattitudes of workers
sobriety, responsibility, hard work,and steadiness
By 18401/3 of population possessed
little more than clothes & loose change
WORKING CLASSBlue collar laborers, "wage slaves"
As factory conditions worsened, craft associationsturned increasingly political and militant
MIDDLE CLASSManagers, white collar workersAccountants, clerks, bank tellers
UPPER CLASSMarket Revolution further distanced this class from
the working class
EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET REVOLUTION
"Lowell Mills" (c. 1814 - 1840s)World's first integrated cotton mill (Waltham, Mass.) revolutionized textile ind.
Run by Boston Associates and started a "company town" in 1823Hired young women to work the mills
Samuel Slater's Mill (c. 1790 - 1820s)Englishman who emigrated to America and smuggled British
technology and innovation to America (Providence, RI)Most advanced cotton mill in America - women and children workforce
"Putting-Out System" (c. early 1800s - 1820s)Goods produced at home but under the direction of a merchant
who "put out" the raw materials to them, paid them for the finishedproduct and sold the completed item to a distant market
"Family Labor System" (c. 1780s - early 1800s)
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, dramatic At the beginning of the nineteenth century, dramatic changes occurred in the economy of the U.S.changes occurred in the economy of the U.S.
Economic changes promoted uniquely Economic changes promoted uniquely different cultures in 3 different sections different cultures in 3 different sections
(N,S, and W) (N,S, and W) ANDAND
Loyalty to section over nationLoyalty to section over nation
SectionalismSectionalism encouraged minimizing the encouraged minimizing the power and influence of the national govt., power and influence of the national govt., while promoting the power and influence while promoting the power and influence
of each sectionof each section
NORTHNORTHFactory system expanded Factory system expanded
after Embargo Act and after Embargo Act and War of 1812 cut off Br. War of 1812 cut off Br. competitioncompetition
New England center of New England center of textiles (PA iron ind.)textiles (PA iron ind.)
Goals of NortheastGoals of Northeast::1)1) Protective tariffProtective tariff2)2) High priced public landsHigh priced public lands3)3) Fed. Internal Fed. Internal
improvementsimprovements
SOUTHSOUTHWhitney’s cotton gin (1792) Whitney’s cotton gin (1792)
increases cotton increases cotton production (800% in 10 production (800% in 10 years)years)
Removal of IndiansRemoval of IndiansOne-crop economyOne-crop economyGoals of SouthGoals of South::1)1) Low tariffs to encourage Low tariffs to encourage
trade with Br.trade with Br.2)2) No internal improve.No internal improve.3)3) Public lands available for Public lands available for
sale in lg. chunkssale in lg. chunks
WESTWESTSmall farms gave way to Small farms gave way to specialized farms:specialized farms:
Wheat: Northern plainsWheat: Northern plainsCorn/livestock: OH valleyCorn/livestock: OH valleyTobacco: KYTobacco: KY
Improved transportation Improved transportation allowed for marketing allowed for marketing surplus cropssurplus crops
Goals of WestGoals of West::1)1) Low-price public landsLow-price public lands2)2) Protective tariffs to stimulate Protective tariffs to stimulate
growth at homegrowth at home3)3) Fed. Funded internal Fed. Funded internal
improvementsimprovements
Economic Interdependence & SectionalismEconomic Interdependence & Sectionalism
1. What makes your section unique?1. What makes your section unique?2. List and explain any terms, people, or 2. List and explain any terms, people, or
events that have shaped your section?events that have shaped your section?3. What economic goals might you have as a 3. What economic goals might you have as a
section?section?4. What political goals might you have as a 4. What political goals might you have as a
section?section?5. Describe the social climate in your 5. Describe the social climate in your
section?section?
OVERVIEW:OVERVIEW:
With the growing wave of With the growing wave of sectionalism, the 1820s saw a sectionalism, the 1820s saw a
widening of popular participation widening of popular participation in politics and realignment of in politics and realignment of
political partiespolitical parties
NORTH:NORTH:High tariff:High tariff: Manufacturers favored Manufacturers favored
protection; New England shipping protection; New England shipping interests were for free tradeinterests were for free trade
SOUTH:SOUTH:Low tariff:Low tariff: Favored it at first, hoping Favored it at first, hoping
to develop industry; then turned to develop industry; then turned against it as their economy was against it as their economy was based on exports and they needed based on exports and they needed to buy many imported goodsto buy many imported goods
WEST:WEST:High tariff:High tariff: If an area had products If an area had products
to protect and for use of tariff to protect and for use of tariff revenue to build roads, bridges revenue to build roads, bridges and canalsand canals
NORTH:NORTH:High prices:High prices: Favored getting a good Favored getting a good
price for western lands so cheap price for western lands so cheap labor would not all flock Westlabor would not all flock West
SOUTH:SOUTH:High:High: Favored getting a good price Favored getting a good price
for western lands so the Southwest for western lands so the Southwest would not open up huge new would not open up huge new cotton-growing competitioncotton-growing competition
Low:Low: Encourage slavery westward; Encourage slavery westward; expand worn-out cotton landsexpand worn-out cotton lands
WEST:WEST:Low prices:Low prices: Favored low prices to Favored low prices to
promote continued development promote continued development and settlementand settlement
NORTH:NORTH:For it:For it: Favored federal support Favored federal support
to benefit its industry and to benefit its industry and commercecommerce
SOUTH:SOUTH:Against it:Against it: Got few benefits from Got few benefits from
this (most roads, canals, and this (most roads, canals, and RRs were built or improved RRs were built or improved in N or W and ran E to W)in N or W and ran E to W)
WEST:WEST:For it:For it: Favored federal support Favored federal support
to benefit its farmers, so they to benefit its farmers, so they could ship produce to eastern could ship produce to eastern marketsmarkets
NORTH:NORTH:Bank yes!Bank yes! Sound currency. Sound currency.Hard $:Hard $: Desired paper $ backed by Desired paper $ backed by
specie (many northerners were specie (many northerners were creditors (lenders) and wanted their creditors (lenders) and wanted their debts repaid in specie not cheap, debts repaid in specie not cheap, inflated $.inflated $.
SOUTH:SOUTH:Bank no!Bank no! Banks favored NE Banks favored NESoft (cheap) $: Soft (cheap) $: Farmers were often
debtors with unpredictable crops. Liked paying debts with cheap inflated $.
WEST:WEST:Bank no! Bank no! Banks favored NESoft (cheap) $: Soft (cheap) $: Same as South
NORTH:NORTH:Free Labor:Free Labor: No slaves - Provide a No slaves - Provide a
skilled work force for businessskilled work force for businessSOUTH:SOUTH:Slave Labor:Slave Labor: Needed for the hard, Needed for the hard,
non-wage work of producing non-wage work of producing the south’s “white gold” the south’s “white gold” (cotton). (cotton).
WEST:WEST:Free labor:Free labor: Avoid job competition Avoid job competition
on farms from cheap slave on farms from cheap slave laborlabor
Slave labor:Slave labor: Some southerners Some southerners
moved west with slavesmoved west with slaves
NORTH: DW (Contract)NORTH: DW (Contract)OPPOSEDOPPOSED - The northern states - The northern states
favored many of the policies favored many of the policies the South wished to nullify the South wished to nullify (tariff/slavery’s extension)(tariff/slavery’s extension)
SOUTH: JCC (Compact)SOUTH: JCC (Compact)FAVORED FAVORED - So southern states - So southern states
could nullify any possible could nullify any possible anti-slavery laws as well as anti-slavery laws as well as unfavorable tariff laws unfavorable tariff laws
WEST: AJWEST: AJDIVIDEDDIVIDED - Tended to be - Tended to be
opposed for same reasons as opposed for same reasons as the Norththe North
Write in complete sentences:
What is democracy and how does it What is democracy and how does it apply to you today?apply to you today?
Analyze the growth of American Analyze the growth of American democracy from Jefferson to Jackson. To democracy from Jefferson to Jackson. To what extent was Jacksonian democracy what extent was Jacksonian democracy
more democratic than Jeffersonian more democratic than Jeffersonian democracy?democracy?
A. Suffrage:A. Suffrage:
TJ: Property requirement TJ: Property requirement was a test of was a test of character a man of character a man of initiative should be initiative should be able to meetable to meet
AJ: Property AJ: Property requirements for requirements for voting erasedvoting erased
B. Office Holding:B. Office Holding:
TJ: Educated elite should TJ: Educated elite should rule but proposed rule but proposed education for all to education for all to prepare all for officeprepare all for office
AJ: All men qualified to AJ: All men qualified to hold office and rotate hold office and rotate political positions political positions (“spoils”)(“spoils”)
C.Nomination of C.Nomination of President:President:
TJ: Candidates TJ: Candidates chosen by chosen by Congressional Congressional caucuses of caucuses of political leaderspolitical leaders
AJ: Nominating AJ: Nominating conventions conventions introducedintroduced
A. “Chosen Class”:A. “Chosen Class”:
TJ: Yeoman farmerTJ: Yeoman farmer
AJ: Added planters, AJ: Added planters, laborers, mechanicslaborers, mechanics
B. Industrialization:B. Industrialization:
TJ: Originally feared its TJ: Originally feared its consequencesconsequences
AJ: Accepted industry as AJ: Accepted industry as essential to economyessential to economy
C. C. Charles River Bridge v. Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)Warren Bridge (1837)
TJ: Corporate charters TJ: Corporate charters granted to favorites of granted to favorites of state legislators state legislators (monopolies granted)(monopolies granted)
AJ: Roger Taney (Chief AJ: Roger Taney (Chief Justice appointed by Justice appointed by AJ) ruled that corporate AJ) ruled that corporate charters should be charters should be available to available to allall willing willing entrepreneursentrepreneurs-Departure from -Departure from Marshall’s nationalismMarshall’s nationalism
D. Bank of U.S.D. Bank of U.S.
TJ: Disagreed with TJ: Disagreed with BUS because of its BUS because of its loose loose Constitutional Constitutional interpretationinterpretation
AJ: Disagreed with AJ: Disagreed with BUS as a BUS as a monopoly of the monopoly of the richrich
A. Slavery:A. Slavery:
TJ: (Owned slaves) TJ: (Owned slaves) Saw slavery as a Saw slavery as a necessary evil that necessary evil that time would time would eradicateeradicate
AJ: (Owned slaves) AJ: (Owned slaves) Seemed little Seemed little interested in interested in abolitionabolition
B. Women/Native B. Women/Native Americans:Americans:
TJ & AJ:TJ & AJ:Neither saw these Neither saw these
groups as equalsgroups as equalsAJ had particularly AJ had particularly
negative attitude negative attitude toward Native toward Native AmericansAmericans
C. Education:C. Education:
TJ: (Educated man)TJ: (Educated man)
Believed education was Believed education was necessary for office-necessary for office-holding & for holding & for preparing citizens for preparing citizens for democratic democratic participationparticipation
AJ: (Little education)AJ: (Little education)
Believed education was Believed education was relatively unimportantrelatively unimportant
D. Social MobilityD. Social MobilityTJ:TJ:
1) Education and 1) Education and ambition were ambition were keys to successkeys to success
2) Never able to 2) Never able to build support for build support for his system of his system of educationeducation
AJ: AJ: 1) Ended bank along 1) Ended bank along
with its control over with its control over creditcredit
2) 2) Charles R. BridgeCharles R. Bridge opened opened opportunities for opportunities for individuals to get individuals to get corporate charters corporate charters
3) Initiated the “Era of 3) Initiated the “Era of the Common Man” the Common Man” (follow AJ’s example (follow AJ’s example of a “self-made of a “self-made man”man” )
A.A. Separation of Separation of Church and StateChurch and State
Most state Most state constitutions had constitutions had eliminated eliminated established established churches after the churches after the RevolutionRevolution
Mass. (the last state Mass. (the last state to have an to have an established church) established church) ended the practice ended the practice in 1834in 1834
FIRST:FIRST: List the first 7 presidents in order. List the first 7 presidents in order.NEXT:NEXT: Rank the first 7 presidents based on how Rank the first 7 presidents based on how
well you feel they performed their duties while well you feel they performed their duties while in office. (1 being the best)in office. (1 being the best)
LAST:LAST: Based on your #1 ranked president - Based on your #1 ranked president - Write a thesis statement that presents 3 positive Write a thesis statement that presents 3 positive accomplishments of your #1 president and why accomplishments of your #1 president and why
you feel they deserve the #1 ranking.you feel they deserve the #1 ranking.Why was ________the best of the first 7 Why was ________the best of the first 7
Presidents?Presidents?
Gradually expanded among adult white males as the Gradually expanded among adult white males as the property requirement was abandonedproperty requirement was abandoned
Voter reformVoter reform1st - Western states1st - Western statesLast - SouthLast - SouthVT - First state to give vote to all VT - First state to give vote to all
adult white malesadult white males
Vote of the people Vote of the people replacing state replacing state legislatures in legislatures in selecting presidential selecting presidential electorselectors
1800 - 18501800 - 1850TurnpikesTurnpikes (toll roads):(toll roads): “Cumberland (National) “Cumberland (National)
Road”Road”-Built by private companies (1800 - 1825)-Built by private companies (1800 - 1825)
Canals:Canals: “Erie Canal”“Erie Canal” - state funded - state funded-Need for cheaper, faster freight transport. -Need for cheaper, faster freight transport.
constructed privately (1825 - 1835)constructed privately (1825 - 1835)Steamboats:Steamboats: “Fulton’s “Fulton’s Clermont”Clermont”
Stimulated traffic along the Hudson, Mississippi Stimulated traffic along the Hudson, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers (1820s - 1830s)and Ohio Rivers (1820s - 1830s)
Railroads:Railroads: “B&O RR”“B&O RR”Iron rails and standard gauge guided early Iron rails and standard gauge guided early
development (1830s - end of century)development (1830s - end of century)
1828 - “Tariff of Abominations” (AJ)1828 - “Tariff of Abominations” (AJ)
““Revolution of 1828” – political Shift – West / CommonRevolution of 1828” – political Shift – West / CommonEra of Good Feelings ending (N-Rs & D-Rs)Era of Good Feelings ending (N-Rs & D-Rs)
1832 - Bank of the U.S. (AJ-”Pet Bank” scheme – Specie Circular)1832 - Bank of the U.S. (AJ-”Pet Bank” scheme – Specie Circular)*First time national party conventions used*First time national party conventions used
1836 - Whig Party split ticket among 3 candidates from three regions WHH, 1836 - Whig Party split ticket among 3 candidates from three regions WHH, HC, DWHC, DW
(MVB –dem- wins over WHH)(MVB –dem- wins over WHH)1840 - “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign and economic problems 1840 - “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign and economic problems
from 1837 – voters Blame MVB for depressionfrom 1837 – voters Blame MVB for depression(WHH – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too)(WHH – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too)
-78% of eligible voters (white males) turned out-78% of eligible voters (white males) turned outPropaganda and slogans become commonplacePropaganda and slogans become commonplace
*First Death while in office (Tyler becomes President)*First Death while in office (Tyler becomes President)
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge --- Favored Warren Co.- encouraged competition
1836 – Texas - Abandoned with purchase of Florida – 18191823 – Stephen Austin granted Texas
friction existed between Mexico and Texas over slavery, immigration, & local rights.
1835 – Santa Anna outlawed local rights1836 - Texas declared Independent
Santa Anna tried to exert control. Goliad = 342, Alamo Sam Houston’s army victorious at San Jacinto
Some wanted annexation – became Independent Republic of Texas
Panic of 1837Treasury Bill of 1840
Creates Independent Treasury System
• Indian Removal Act – 1830– Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicksaw, and SeminolesBureau of Indian Affairs est. 1836Cherokee actually adapted to White man’s waysCherokee v. Georgia 1831 – challenged law that made their laws null
and void1831-1835 – Choctaws moved1832 – Black Hawk War – Il. & Wis. 1836 – Creeks moved1838 – Trail of Tears
18,000 Cherokee to Okla.1835-1842 – Seminole War
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW::The one-party system that had characterized the The one-party system that had characterized the
“Era of Good Feelings” gave way to a two-“Era of Good Feelings” gave way to a two-party system under Jackson. Supporters of party system under Jackson. Supporters of
Jackson were now known as Democrats. Those Jackson were now known as Democrats. Those opposed to “King Andrew’s” rule were known opposed to “King Andrew’s” rule were known
as Whigs.as Whigs.
Resembled the old D-R party of Resembled the old D-R party of TJTJ
Base of voter supportBase of voter support::Common PeopleSoutherners, westerners,small farmers, urban Workers
SUPPORTED:States RightsSpoils systemAnti-monopolyFed.out of personal lives
Resembled the defunct Federalist Resembled the defunct Federalist Party of AHParty of AH
Base of voter supportBase of voter support:New Englanders and residents of
mid-Atlantic and upper-middle-Western states
Protestants of old English stockMiddle-class urban professionals
SUPPORTED:Clay’s “American System”Reduce Spoils SystemMoral ReformsUse Natl. Govt to solve problems
Divided along sectional (rather than party) linesDivided along sectional (rather than party) lines
Democratic PartyDemocratic Party
Included both Included both supporters and supporters and opponents of opponents of
slaveryslavery
Whig PartyWhig Party
Also divided on Also divided on issueissue
Democratic PartyDemocratic PartyMiddle of the road:Middle of the road:1) National power 1) National power
should be kept in should be kept in checkcheck
2) “States’ righters” 2) “States’ righters” liked this liked this
(although AJ (although AJ strongly against strongly against
nullification)nullification)3) Favored local rule 3) Favored local rule
and limited govt.and limited govt.
Whig PartyWhig Party
1) Favored strong 1) Favored strong national govt. to national govt. to check too much check too much individualism in individualism in
politicspolitics
2) Disliked 2) Disliked extremely strong extremely strong president (“King president (“King
Andrew”)Andrew”)
Democratic PartyDemocratic Party1) No National Bank1) No National Bank2) Anti-Big Business 2) Anti-Big Business
(MONOPOLIES)(MONOPOLIES)3) Free and open 3) Free and open
economic economic opportunity for all opportunity for all
(WHITE MALES)(WHITE MALES)4) Free trade4) Free trade
Whig PartyWhig Party
1)1) Favored Henry Favored Henry Clay’s American Clay’s American
System (BUS, System (BUS, tariff, fed. tariff, fed. Internal Internal
improvements)improvements)
2) Protect American 2) Protect American manufacturing manufacturing
interestsinterests
Democratic PartyDemocratic Party
Embraced the Embraced the worth of the worth of the “COMMON “COMMON
MAN” which MAN” which included included
immigrantsimmigrants
Whig PartyWhig Party
Disliked excess Disliked excess participation in participation in
politics of rough, politics of rough, uneducated, and uneducated, and
poor “non-poor “non-aristocrats” aristocrats” (which most (which most
immigrants were)immigrants were)
Democratic PartyDemocratic PartyFavored Favored
participation by participation by common people in common people in
govt.govt.(voting & office-(voting & office-
holding)holding)Any common person Any common person
could perform any could perform any public officepublic office
Whig PartyWhig Party
Favored Favored leadership & leadership &
office by better office by better educated, more educated, more
economically economically advantaged advantaged
peoplepeople
Democratic PartyDemocratic Party
Started and used Started and used by Jackson by Jackson
(Became common (Became common practice after practice after
Jackson)Jackson)
Whig PartyWhig Party
Complained Complained loudly about it loudly about it under Jackson under Jackson (practiced it (practiced it themselves themselves
when they got when they got in office)in office)
National Republicans (1828 - 1830s)National Republicans (1828 - 1830s)John Quincy Adams / Henry ClayJohn Quincy Adams / Henry Clay
Opposition to Jackson / For American SystemOpposition to Jackson / For American SystemLiberty (1840 & 1844)Liberty (1840 & 1844)
First anti-slavery party (James G. Birney)First anti-slavery party (James G. Birney)Abolition of slavery by political and legal meansAbolition of slavery by political and legal means
Free Soil (1848)Free Soil (1848)Whigs & Liberty Party members (MVB)Whigs & Liberty Party members (MVB)
Prevent extension of slavery in West / Free HomesteadsPrevent extension of slavery in West / Free Homesteads““Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men!”Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men!”
American (“Know-Nothing”) (1850s)American (“Know-Nothing”) (1850s)Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore
Opposition to immigrants and CatholicsOpposition to immigrants and Catholics