Post on 29-Jun-2018
Overcoming IcingEffects on Wind
Turbines
John Maissan, P. John Maissan, P. EngEng.,.,DirectorDirector, , TechnicalTechnical ServicesServicesYukon Energy Yukon Energy CorportationCorportation
Rime and Glaze Icing• In the Whitehorse area, rime icing typically
occurs at higher altitudes
• Rime icing can also be present in lower lying areas further north than Whitehorse, particularly near sources of humidity
• Glaze icing can occur throughout most of North America, but is most prevalent along Canada’s east and west coastal regions
Higher Altitude Operation
Source: Finnish Meteorological Institute, Wind Energy Production in Cold Climate
• Higher energy winds tend to be found on ridges, hilltops and mountains
• These locations lead to cloud and rime ice formation
Measuring Duration and Severity of Icing
• Reliable detectors for rime and glaze icing needed
• Limited supply on market at present• Models on market do not seem to cope well
with severe rime icing• Two heated anemometer approach is
reasonably reliable
Wind Speed & Icing Event Monitoring – Haeckel Hill
Bonus Heated Bearing Anemometer (30 m) (replaced in first year)
NRG Heated Anemometer & Wind Vane (30 m). Ice detector at ground level.
Bonus 150 kW Performance
Icing Periods
Bonus Performance Under Icing
• Wind data multiplied by actual ice-free power curve to determine maximum possible energy yield per month
• This ice-free maximum is compared with actual performance data
• The performance data are then compared to icing data from the monitoring station
• All three are independent data sets
Manufacturer’s vs. Actual Power Curves
Bonus 150 Mark III Power Curve
y = -0.2817x3 + 7.9124x2 - 54.266x + 113.27
y = -0.3294x2 + 11.501x + 34.423
y = 0.3118x2 - 14.786x + 291.36
y = -0.2771x3 + 7.1491x2 - 40.098x + 66.161
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind Speed (m/s)
Pow
er O
utpu
t (kW
)
Manufacturer's Curve
YEC Data Power Curve (No Ice)
Bonus 150 kW Actual vs. Theoretical Performance July 2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1-Jul 6-Jul 11-Jul 16-Jul 21-Jul 26-Jul 31-Jul
Date
Pow
er P
rodu
ctio
n (k
Wh)
-160
-110
-60
-10
40
Icin
g In
tens
ity
Actual Power ProducedTheoretical Power AvailableNRG Icing
Actual Power ProducedIce-free Power AvailableGoodrich (Rosemount) Icing
Bonus 150 kW Actual v. Ice-free Performance July 2002
Actual Power ProducedIce-Free Power AvailableGoodrich (Rosemount) Icing
No icing Icin
g In
tens
ity
-40
-20
0
Bonus 150 kW Actual vs. Theoretical Performance July 2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
7/13/02 0:00 7/13/02 12:00 7/14/02 0:00 7/14/02 12:00 7/15/02 0:00 7/15/02 12:00 7/16/02 0:00
Date
Pow
er P
rodu
ctio
n (k
Wh)
-160
-110
-60
-10
40
Icin
g In
tens
ity
Actual Power ProducedTheoretical Power AvailableNRG Icing
Bonus 150 kW Actual v. Ice-free Performance July 2002
Actual Power ProducedIce-Free Power AvailableGoodrich (Rosemount) Icing
Icin
g In
tens
ity
-40
-20
0No icing
Bonus 150 kW Actual vs. Theoretical Performance January 2001
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1-Jan 6-Jan 11-Jan 16-Jan 21-Jan 26-Jan 31-Jan
Date
Pow
er P
rodu
ctio
n (k
Wh)
-160
-110
-60
-10
40
Icin
g In
tens
ity
Actual Power ProducedTheoretical Power AvailableNRG Icing
Underproduction due to Ice
Icin
g In
tens
ity
-40
-20
0
Bonus 150 kW Actual v. Ice-free Performance January 2001
Actual Power ProducedIce-Free Power AvailableGoodrich (Rosemount) Icing
Bonus 150 kW Actual vs. Theoretical Performance January 2001
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1/1/01 0:00 1/2/01 0:00 1/3/01 0:00 1/4/01 0:00 1/5/01 0:00 1/6/01 0:00 1/7/01 0:00
Date
Pow
er P
rodu
ctio
n (k
Wh)
-160
-110
-60
-10
40
Icin
g In
tens
ity
Actual Power ProducedTheoretical Power AvailableNRG Icing
Note return to normal power – assistance from heaters and black blades
Bonus 150 kW Actual v. Ice-free Performance January 2001
Actual Power ProducedIce-Free Power AvailableGoodrich (Rosemount) Icing
Icin
g In
tens
ity
-40
-20
0
Power loss caused by icing
Achievements
• Heated wind instruments and ultrasonics now quite good
• Low temperature synthetic lubricants and fluids
• After-market blade heating systems and blade coatings
• Reductions in energy losses
Challenges Remaining
• Ice detectors for severe conditions• Off-the-shelf blade heating systems• Further reductions in energy losses• Adaptations of turbine control algorithms
Manufacturers Working on Cold/ Icing Environment Equipment
Large Machines• Vestas
• Bonus
• NEG Micon
• Enercon
• Lagerwey
Small Machines• Atlantic Orient Corp
• Vergnet
• Northern Power Systems
• Bergey
(no blade heating yet available)
Overcoming IcingEffects on Wind
Turbines
John Maissan, P. John Maissan, P. EngEng.,.,DirectorDirector, , TechnicalTechnical ServicesServicesYukon Energy Yukon Energy CorportationCorportation