Outcome:. Model the structure and function of the molecules of life. Drill/Warm-up:

1. Differentiate covalent and hydrogen bonds.

2. A scientist estimates that dental plaque contains up to 1 x 10 11 bacteria per gram. What number is equal to 1 x 10 11?

THINK ABOUT IT

– In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic,” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things.

– We now understand that the principles governing the chemistry of living and nonliving things are the same, but the term “organic chemistry” is still around.

– Today, organic chemistry means the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other compounds.

What are organic molecules?

Molecules of Life

What are biological molecules?

Compounds that contain carbon

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Organic Molecules

What is a cell made up of mostly?

Mostly water, but what else?

Carbon based molecules

Why is carbon so significant for these molecules?

Recall that an atom’s bonding ability

• Is related to the number of electrons it must share to complete its outer shell

Atomic number?

What does sharing electrons with other atoms, in four covalent bonds mean?

Each carbon acts as an ‘intersection’

With 4 different branch points

Creates endless variety of (organic) carbon molecules

Vary in length

The Chemistry of Carbon

– What elements does carbon bond with to

make up life’s molecules?

The Chemistry of Carbon

– What elements does carbon bond with to make

up life’s molecules?

– Carbon can bond with many elements,

including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur,

and nitrogen to form the molecules of life.

Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules

Activity: Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules

http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_essentials_3/0,11844,3107816-,00.html

Unbranched or branched Rings

Different location of double bonds

The Chemistry of Carbon

– Carbon atoms can also bond to each other,

which gives carbon the ability to form millions of

different large and complex structures.

– Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or

triple covalent bonds.

– Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on

themselves to form rings.

Methane Is a hydrocarbon

What is a hydrocarbon?

……….. Carbon

& Hydrogen

Methane is the simplest

Examples of larger hydrocarbons??

Octane (in gasoline)

Fatty foods

“MACRO”-molecules

Molecules that make up living organisms are very LARGE. The root word “MACRO” means “giant.”

Source Citation: "Computer image of a protein molecule." Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 31 March 2007 <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2210040779>

Protein molecule

Biological Molecules

‘Carbs’

Oils

Food

DNA RNA

Sugar Glucose Glycogen Cellulose

Fatty acids (sat & unsat) Butter

Structural

Storage Enzymes Antibodies

The Macromolecules

There are four main classes of organic molecules:

CARBOHYDRATES

LIPIDS

PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

“Organic” refers to the carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds found in these molecules.

How to Build a Macromolecule

Made from combining smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS

Lots of monomers added together make a POLYMER

POLYMER = MACROMOLECULE

The Structure of Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are also called POLYMERS (“poly” means “many”).

• Polymers are made by joining a group of MONOMERS together (“mono” means “one”).

monomer monomer monomer monomer monomer

polymer

Vocab builder: In the game “Monopoly,” one person tries to take control of many properties.

Making Macromolecules To join two monomers together, a molecule of

water is removed. This process is called DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.

H HO

H2O Vocab builder: You become “dehydrated” when your body lacks water.

Its Like A Puzzle!!!!

• Monomers = individual

puzzle pieces

you can put the pieces together or brake them down

Polymer = the finished

puzzle

Breaking Up To break two monomers apart, water needs to be

added back in. This process is called HYDROLYSIS (“lysis” means “break” or “destroy”).

H

H2O

HO

Vocab builder: “Hydro” is the root for water, as seen in “fire hydrant.”

Carbohydrates

Small (simple) sugar molecules

What type of sugar is found in the following?

Long starch molecules in pasta, potatoes

These are our primary sources of dietary energy

In plants, carbs used as building material

Examples?

Examples?

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Glucose Fructose

Starch Cellulose

Disaccharides Lactose Sucrose

Monosaccharides

What type of sugar is

found a sports drink?

Glucose

What type of sugar is

found in fruit?

Fructose

What about honey?

Its really sweet? Why?

It contains both glucose and fructose

Glucose and Fructose

Have the same formula… C6H12O6

Why are they ‘different’?

They are isomers

L-Dopa

Form rings in aqueous solutions

Which sugar is this?

Why are the carbons numbered?

Glucose

Making Models of Macromolecules

• How do monomers join together to form polymers?

• Materials

– Molecular model kits

Molecular Model Kits

Carbon

Hydrogen oxygen

nitrogen

Prepare the following

• 6 – Carbon

• 12- Hydrogen

• 6 – oxygen

• Sticks

Make a glucose model

Disaccharides

Are ‘double sugars’

What are they constructed from?

2 monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Sucrose:

Maltose: glucose and

galactose and Lactose:

glucose and

glucose

glucose

fructose

Lactose, another disaccharide

• Its a condition called lactose intolerance

• Some people have trouble digesting lactose

• Missing gene for lactase enzyme

Sucrose The most common disaccharide is sucrose, what do you know it as?

Common table sugar

Sugar cane

What plants do we use to extract table sugar?

Roots of sugar beets

Polysaccharides Are long chains of sugar units

(polymers) (monosaccharides)

Polysaccharides

What are some polysaccharides?

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

Liver, muscle cells break down glycogen to release glucose when needed for energy

Structural component, dietary fiber

Describe some characteristics of the following:

Carbohydrates Biological Macromolecule:

Function: • Dietary energy Monomer:

Examples:

• Disaccharides

• Storage • Plant structure

• Monosaccharides

• Polysaccharides

(simple sugars)

(double sugars)

(long polymers)

(glucose, fructose)

(maltose, lactose, sucrose)

(starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Carbohydrates

• quick and short-term energy source

• “hydrates” of carbon

– (CH2O)n

• Monosaccharides

• Greek monos – single, sacchar – sugar – pentose – C5H10O5

– hexose – C6H12O6

Carbohydrates

• 3 types of carbohydrates

– monosaccharides

– glucose, fructose

– disaccharides

– sucrose, lactose, maltose

– polysaccharides

– starch, glycogen, cellulose

CARB STRUCTURE

WHAT DO THESE DIFFERENT CARB

STRUCTURES HAVE IN COMMON?

Carb Structure