OTHER MOTIVATIONS

AFFILIATION MOTIVE

DEF: the need to associate with others and maintain special bonds

Humans are social creatures

Quality of relationships is a major determinant of happiness

AFFILIATION MOTIVE CONTINUED

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measures strength of affiliation

People who score high devote more time to interpersonal activities and worry more about acceptance

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE

DEF: the need to master difficult challenges, to out-perform others, and to meet high standards of excellence

The desire to excel, especially in competition

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE CONTINUED

High scores on TAT tend to work harder and more persistently than low scores

They are more future-oriented

They seek competitive, entrepreneurial occupations

SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIOR

Strength of one’s motivation to achieve success

One’s estimate of the probability of success

Incentive value of success

FEAR OF FAILURE

Motivation to avoid failure varies

Emotion can cause motivation

Motivation can cause emotion

EMOTION : I NVOLVES 1 )A SUB JECTIVE CONSCI OUS EXPERIENCE ACC OMPANI ED BY

2 )B ODI LY AROUSAL AND BY 3 )C HARACTERI ST IC OVERT EXPRESSIONS

THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

COGNITIVE COMPONENT: SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS

Emotion is highly subjective

Involves an evaluative aspect

Each person has to characterize their own emotions

PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENT: DIFFUSE AND MULTIFACETED

Emotions are accompanied by a visceral arousal

Most physiological arousal is assoc. with the autonomic nervous system

Galvanic skin response (GSR): an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity

NEURAL CIRCUITS

Amygdala plays a role in the modulation of emotion

Thalamus sends info to amygdala

Amygdala responds quickly if threat detected

Prefrontal cortex responsible for processing meaning of emotional events

BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT: NONVERBAL EXPRESSIVENESS

Emotions are expressed in “body language”

Facial expressions reveal variety of basic emotions

Facial-feedback hypothesis: facial muscles send signals to the brain and these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing

Facial expressions may be innate

CROSS-CULTURAL SIMILARITIES IN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

Tribes with no exposure to modern society correctly identified emotions displayed by facial expressions

CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

Differences shown in how people think about and express emotions

Display rules: norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions. They prescribe when, how, and to whom people can show various emotions

THEORIES OF EMOTION

JAMES-LANGE THEORY

The conscious experience of emotion results from one’s perception of autonomic arousal

So, emotion is caused by the physiological reactions to stimuli

CANNON-BARD THEORY

Emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system

SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY

Experience of emotion depends on 2 factors:1) Autonomic arousal2) Cognitive interpretation of that arousal--When you experience a visceral arousal, you search your environment for an explanation--Combines James-Lange and Canon-Bard theories

EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF EMOTION

Emotions are a result of adaptation

Emotions are innateEmotions evolved

before thought8-10 primary

emotionsOther emotions come

from 1) a blend of the primaries and 2) variations in intensity of the emotions