Post on 17-Jan-2015
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OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 1
Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility:
Standards, Design, & Formats
Alice Krueger, Virtual Ability, Inc.
Una Daly, College Open Textbooks, Foothill College
Dial-in: 1-888-886-3951Pin: 690818
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 2
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OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 3
Alice Krueger, Virtual Ability, Inc.
PresidentFormer educational researcherWoman with MS
Second LifeGentle Heron leads the support community for people with real life disabilitiesProvides development & employment opportunities for people with disabilities
Alice’s Second Life Avatar, Gentle Heron
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 4
Una Daly, College Open Textbooks
Associate DirectorBook Reviews ManagerWorkshopsOpen Textbook AdoptionsAccessibility IssuesCommunity Building
Foothill CollegeComputer Technology Instructor
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 5
Agenda Introduce yourself in chat window
What are open textbooks?How can digital resources help accessibility?
Evaluation Results of 60+ BooksStandards for open textbooks accessibility Findings and Recommendations
Next Steps Universal Design for LearningFormats for assistive tech, mobile, learningResources
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 6
College Open Textbooks mission
Find, list, and support production and reuse of
High-quality
AccessibleCulturally-relevant
open textbooks for community college students
John_C_Abell_CC-BY-NC-SA_Flickr
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 7
What are open textbooks?
DigitalAssistive Technology
Open LicenseReusable & adaptable
Low costLowers barriers to education
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 8
Digital information explosion
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An open textbook was …
Copyright All Rights Reserved
to
Creative Commons License Some Rights Reserved
From the Creative Commons store
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Creative Commons allowscreator to specify re-use
Reuse: Copy and use as-is
Revise: Adapt and improve
Remix: Combine into new
Redistribute: Share copies
The 4Rs of Open
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 11
Cost savingsAll Rights Reserved Some Rights Reserved
Publisher: Wiley Open: Connexions & QOOP
Downloadable version:
$77.50
Downloadable & online versions:
FREE
Printed bound version:
$141.95 new
$110.25 used
Printed bound version:
$31.95 new
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OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 12
Educational equity
26% of tuition @ public 4-years
72% of tuition @ community colleges
150% of tuition @ California community colleges
Textbooks are a larger percentage of total cost for students at community colleges
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 13
Why textbook accessibility?
It’s the law! Section 508
Extend Your Reachinstructors
Improve learning for everyone
Morguefile.com
Source: webaim.org
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 14
Open Textbook AccessibilityEvaluation Goals
Review open textbooks to:
Empower faculty adopters
Educate authors
Support diverse learners
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 15
What challenges do diverse learners face?
Cognitive learning disabilitiesSensory & motor impairmentsEnglish language deficitsLack of engagement
Kersti Nebelsiek CC-BY
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Web accessibility guidelinesand other requirements
World Wide Web Consortium Web Content Access Guidelines (WCAG 2.0)
PDF Checkpoints & Techniques
Section 508, Rehabilitation ActElectronic & Information Technology(1998, 2011)
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Textbook Accessibility ReviewsPOUR matrix
Textbook: Collaborative StatisticsAccessibility reviewed by: Virtual Ability, Inc.
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Evaluation Overview
60 Open Licensed Textbooks AnalyzedSelected from top enrolled GE courses35 websites, 25 downloadable PDFs
Types of Issues NotedWebsite Structural AccessibilityPDF AccessibilityCommon Issues (both formats)
Positive FindingsRecommendations
JAWS Screen Reader
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Five open textbook repositories sampled
Connexions.Flat World Knowledge.MediaWiki.Open Learn.Open Learning Initiative.
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Repositories’ structural accessibility problems
Pre-Set Formats (5 repositories):Structural markup - 100% nesting headers data table title summary attributes fixed width Color contrast - 80%In-page navigation - 40%
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Author-created website structural accessibility problems
Structural semantic organizers:headers - 26%, bulleted lists 3%
Tables: headings - 31%, attributes 40%Fixed width page - 14%In-page navigation - 14%Data entry using Flash - 9%Reliance on Java scripts - 6%Non-mouse operation - 9%Frames- 3%
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 22
PDF Accessibility Issues
Features missing in all PDFs evaluatedTagging and reading orderSearchable text
– Fonts allow character extraction to text– Interactive form fields– Non-mouse navigational aids– Specified document or text block language– No security against assistive technology– Alternative text
• Download website accessibility in some PDFs
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Common Issues in Both FormatsVisual Appearance
• Dense text - 17% web, 32% PDF• Small font - 3% web, 20% PDF• Visual clutter - 14% web, 12% PDF• Specific issues with mathematical
symbols
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Visual Clutter/ Inconsistency
There is lots of text on this page. And there are images too. That makes it difficult to figure out where to look first…
Especially if you have issues related to visual attention.
Because the page is so cluttered with text and images, it’s difficult to figure out how to study the material. Inconsistency adds to the sense of confusion. Of course, nobody would put this much material on one page, but it’s tempting to do so when authoring is so easy.
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 25
Common IssuesContent Organization
• Important/less important - 14% web, 20% PDF
• Organizational flow - 14% web, 4% PDF• Lack Table of Contents - 12% PDF, plus
other issues• Lengthy pages - 23% web, 4% PDF
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 26
Common IssuesLanguage Usage
• Content-related Vocabulary:– Inconsistent emphasis - 9% web, 28% PDF– Need Glossary - 54% web, 44% PDF
• Author’s Voice - 11% web, 12% PDF• Consistency:
– Visual format - 17% web, 28% PDF– Reading ease - 26% web, 44% PDF
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Common IssuesAlternatives & Comprehension
• Need Alternatives:– Alt text - 63% web, 100% PDF, plus additional
issues– Color coding - 14% web, 12% PDF
• Comprehension Level - 37% web, 36% PDF
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Missing Alt Text Example
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Good Example of Color Coding
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Positive Findings
• Five percent of websites exemplary• Eight percent of PDFs exemplary
– Appropriate readability level - 3 PDFs– Visual-semantic organization - 2 PDFs– Format consistency - 2 PDFs– Presentation style - 1 website, 2 PDFs– Lack of clutter - 1 PDF– Glossary - 1 PDF
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How to Build In Accessibility?
Authors/Creators need:
• Awareness• How-To Knowledge• Professional Assistance• Incentives
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Open textbook digital formats
• Web pages
• Downloadable Formats– PDF– DAISY– ePUB
• Audio/Video – mp3, .mov, .mp4
Creative Commons Case Studies, CC-BY 3.0 License, Attribution 3.0 Unported
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Standards for Accessible Readers
• Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) Consortium
– digital talking books offer benefits of regular audio books with additionof navigation.
DAISY (Digital Accessible Info System) Reader
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 34
Standards for Mobile
• ePUB new standard– Converts to DAISY
• PDF often inaccessible– Structural markups
missing– Cannot be reflowed for
mobile devices– Primarily print format
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 353/11/2010 35
Universal Design for Learning
• Designed to be used by everyone without special adaptation
• Benefits all ages and abilities– Curb cuts– Video captioning
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Universal Design for LearningPrinciples
• Provide multiple means of – Representation– Action or Expression– Engagement
• UDL Guidelines 2.0– Checkpoints
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 37
Resources for educatorsin all CA Community Colleges
• High Tech Training Center Unit– Online and face-2-face training
• Video captioning grant for instructional materials
– administered by College of the Canyons
• College Open Text Accessibility Reviews
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 38
Join the Communityfor additional assistance
• Join the College Open Textbooks Communityhttp://collegeopentextbooks.ning.com
• Visit College Open Textbooks Resources http://collegeopentextbooks.org
• Visit Virtual Ability http://virtualability.org
OTC11: Open Textbooks and Learner Accessibility Slide 39
Q & A
Thank you for attending this morning
Handout available
Contact us for more informationAlice Krueger: akrueger@virtualability.org
Una Daly: dalyuna@fhda.edu