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UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
JAMAICA
FACULTY OF EDUCATION & LIBERAL STUDIESSCHOOL OF TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONINDUSTRIAUL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME
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OCCUPATIONAL/ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTHANDSAFETY
Unit1:Impactsofindustryandtrade
onoccupaonal/environmental
healthandsafety
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Impactsofindustryandtradeonoccupaonal/
environmentalhealthandsafetyWeekOne:
Environmentalimpacts
Sourcesandimpactsofairpollu2on Sourcesandimpactsofsoilcontamina2on Sourcesandimpactsofgroundandsurface
waterpollu2on
Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseandradia2on
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RISKWORKER
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Introducon
Humanac2vi2es,especiallythoseintheindustrialsector,areassociatedwithrisksfor:
Workers Surroundingneighbourhood Environmentingeneral.Thustheneedfor:
Healthandsafetyprecau2ons/programmes
Environmentalprotec2onregula2onsandtechniques.
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Precauonsagainst
Accidents
Over-exposuretonoiseandradiaon
Contaminaonbytoxicsubstances
Injuries
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Thesurroundingpopulaonandthe
environmentneedprotecon
Proteconagainst
Air
Soilandwaterpolluon
Radiaon
Noise
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IntroduconPolicyissues
Differentcountrieshavedifferentpolicies
concerning:
legisla2on®ula2onsofthenaturalenvironment
workplacesafetyandhealth.
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Introducon
Policyissues
WhatisthesituaoninJamaica?
WhichMinistryisresponsiblefor:
Occupa2onalSafetyandHealth? Companyworkenvironment,plantand
facili2es?.
WhatistheroleofNa2onalEnvironmentalandPlanningAgency(NEPA)?
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Introducon
Generallytwotypesofenvironmentsareatrisk:
Thenaturalenvironmentand Theenvironmentatthework-place Seefigure1anddescribetheac2vi2esand
risksno2ced.
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Environmentalhazardsatworkplace
Workplace
hazardDust
Gases
Noise
Moisture
Temperature
Radiaon
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Hazardousimpactsonnatural
environment
Natural
environment
Noise WaterpolluFon
RadiaFon
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Environmentalandworkplace
hazards: Whoisresponsibleforthishumanmade
problemswhich:
Affectthehealthofindividualworkersinspecificworkplaces
Puttheen2repopula2onsatriskThreatenlocalecosystems
Threatentheworldclimateetc. HazardsforDevelopment? WealthforHealth?
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Environmentalandworkplace
hazards: Whoisresponsibleforstoppingit? Companies/Industries
Employersand TheGovernment:Allshouldberesponsibleforminimising
thenega2veimpactsonboththework-placeandthenaturalenvironment.
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GroupAcvity1:
Breakoutintofivegroupsoffiveeach
anddiscussthemajornegave
impactsofindustryandtradeon:
ThenaturalenvironmentinJamaicaHumanhealthinJamaica
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Impactsofindustryonnatural
environmentandhumanhealth
Majornegaveimpacts:
Resul2ngfromproduc2onandtradeinclude: Airpolluon
energyproduc2onindustrialopera2ontransport)
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Impactsofindustryonnatural
environmentandhumanhealth Contaminaonofsoil
acidrainresul2ngfromairpollu2onwastedisposalsewage
PolluonofgroundandsurfacewaterSewageleachatefromwastedisposalspillageofchemicalsandoil
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Impactsofindustryonnatural
environmentandhumanhealth Sourcesofnoiseandradiaon
industrialproduc2onTransportenergygenera2ontelecommunica2on
Impactonthelocalenvironment:
NoiseRadia2oncontamina2onofsoiletc.
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Impactsofindustryonnatural
environmentandhumanhealthImpactonglobalenvironment:
Air Waterpollu2on
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Impactsofindustryonnatural
environmentandhumanhealth
?Whataresomeoftheenvironmentaleffectson
JamaicaandtheCaribbeanCommunies?
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EnvironmentalimpactsonJamaica
andtheCaribbean: Pollu2onofsoil,waterandatmosphere Deforesta2on,erosionanddestruc2onofcoral
reefs
Naturaldisastersresul2ngfromthechangeofclimate Environmentalrelatedimpactsonhuman
health
Environmentalrelatedimpactsonna2onaleconomy
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GroupProject
1. Measurestoprotectthenaturalenvironmentfromnegaveimpactscaused
byindustryandtrade
EnvironmentallegislaonMajorenvironmentaltreaesandconvenonsJamaicasenvironmentalpolicyandlegislaonJamaicaseffortstomeetinternaonal
environmentalconvenons.
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GroupProject
2.Emissioncontrolmeasures
Changeofbehaviour
UseofalternaveprocessesTechnicalsoluons
3.Wastewatertreatment
SeleconofwastewaterfreeprocessesWastewatertreatmenttechnologies
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GroupProject
4.Wastemanagement
Wastemanagementhierarchy
MinimisaonofwastegeneraonRecyclingandreuseProperwastehandlingWastedisposal
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GroupProject
5.Proteconmeasuresagainsttheemissionof
noiseandradiaon
Noisereduconmeasures
ProteconmeasuresagainstionisingradiaonNoisereduconmeasuresProteconmeasuresagainstionisingradiaonProteconmeasuresagainstelectromagnec
fields
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GroupProject6.Awarenesscreaonandtraining
Theoriesofaccidentcausaon Safetyandhealthtraining7.Administraveandmanagementmeasures
toimproveOSH
Companysafetypolicy,rulesandregulaonsSafetyanalysisandprevenonPreparingforemergenciesAccidentinvesgaonandreporng
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GroupProject
8.Technicalmeasurestoimproveworkplace
safetyandhealth
Measurestopreventergonomichazardsandrepevestraininjuries
Measurestopreventstressandresulnghumanreacon
Measurestopreventmechanicalhazardsandinjuries
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GroupProject
9.Technicalmeasurestoimproveworkplace
safetyandhealth
Measurestopreventfalling,impact,acceleraonandliinghazards
Measurestopreventfire,heatandtemperaturehazards
MeasurestopreventpressurehazardsMeasurestopreventelectricalhazards
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GroupProject
10.Technicalmeasurestoimproveworkplace
safetyandhealth
Measurestopreventhazardsresulngfromtoxicandexplosivesubstances
MeasurestopreventnoiseandvibraonhazardsMeasurestopreventpressurehazardsMeasurestopreventradiaonandEMFhazards
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Sourcesandimpactsofairpolluon
Theatmosphereoftheearthisamixtureof
gasesmainlymadeupof:
Nitrogen(78.08%) Oxygen(0.95%) Argon(0.94%)
Carbondioxide(0.03%).
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Sourcesandimpactsofairpolluon
Humanbeingsandanimalsneedoxygenforbreathingandproducecarbondioxide
Plantsneedcarbondioxideandgenerateoxygen.
Largequan2tyofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereisveryessen2altoourclimate.
Theaveragetemperatureonearthdependsonthecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphere
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Majorsourcesofairpolluon
Thegenera2onandconsump2onofenergyinindustriesprivatehomesthetransportsector. Incompletecombus2onprocessesinprivate
homesproduceairpollutants(CO,CXHY,
soot) Industriesandpowerplantscontributeby
emingpollutants(SOandNOX)
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Majorsourcesofairpolluon
Indiscriminatewasteburningpollutestheatmospherewithproductsofincomplete
combus2onandwithhalogencompounds
likedioxinsandfurans.
Thecartrafficisprimarilyresponsiblefortheemissionofsoot,CXHY,CO
Ifleadedfuelisused,itproducesPb.
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incomplete combustion products:
CO, CXH
Y, soot, little SO
2, NO
X
SO2, NOX flue dust
electricity, oil,gas oil,electricity coal,gas,oil
coal,wood gas,coal
Domestic heating industrial power power plants
and heat generation
Figure 2: Fuel and air pollutants of different combustion systems
SO2, NOX, soot, flue dust, COX
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Majorsourcesofairpolluon
Dependingonthetypeofopera2on,industrial
plantsmayemitduste.g.
inthecaseofmines limekilns cementplants glassfactories metallurgicalplants,etc.)andanumberof
gaseouscompounds.
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Majorsourcesofairpolluon Allcombus2onprocesseswhicharebasedon
theburningofcarbonorhydrocarbonfuelcontributetotheworld-widegenera2onofCOwhichisresponsiblefortheglobalclimate
change.
Otheremissionswithanega2veimpactontheclimateandtheearth'sozonelayerare
refrigerantsandsolventsknownasCFCs.
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Summaryofthemajorsourcesof
threatstotheatmosphere
Themainthreatstotheatmosphereresultfrom: Useoffossilenergy Intensiveagriculture Industrialproduc2on Growingtransportsector Insufficientoff-gascleaning UseofCFCs Destruc2onofintactecosystems
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GroupAcvity2:
Breakoutintofivegroupsoffiveeach
anddiscussthemajorthreatstothe
Jamaicanandglobalenvironment
andsuggestthewayforward
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SUMMARY-HEALTHRISKANDAIRPOLLUTION
POLLUTANT ORIGIN DAMAGE PREVENTION
1. Parcles-smoke,e.g.Sootand
asbestos
2. Sulphurdioxide
3. Carbonmonoxide
4. Carbondioxide
5. Hydrocarbons
Domescfires,
industrial
combuson,mining,
brakelinings
Fuelcombusone.g.
Coal,oil,petrol
Carexhaust,cigaree
smoking
Allformsof
combuson
Carexhaust,
industrialwaste
Lungdamagesilicosis,
blockplantstomata,
bronchis
reducingsmoglung
damage,bronchis,
formsacidrain
Forms
carboxyhaemoglobin
prevenngoxygen
uptakebyblood,lossofconsciousnessand
death
greenhouseeffectof
overheang
Photochemicalsmogdamagesplants,
Smokelessfuel,Clean
Air,Acts/Rules,beer
chimneys
Removesulphurfrom
fuelsandfluegases
Catalystsorheat
reactorsincar
exhausts
Findothersourcesof
energy
Catalystsorheat
reactorsincarexhausts,modifycar-
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SUMMARY-HEALTHRISKANDAIRPOLLUTION
POLLUTANT ORIGIN DAMAGE PREVENTION
6.Oxidesofnitrogen
7.Ozone
8.Lead
9.Tarandsmoke
10.Pathogense.g.
Virus,bacteria
Carexhaust,industrial
combuson
Combinaonsof
hydrocarbonswith
nitrogendioxide
Petrol-carexhaust
Cigareesmoking
Infectedperson
sneezedroplets
Photochemicalsmog
damagesplants,
rubber,clothing
Eyeirritaon,reduces
visibility
Toxictothenervous
system
Death-lungcancer,
bronchis,coronary
diseaseetc.
Respiratorysystem,
influenza-mucus
membrane
Catalystsorheat
reactorsincar
exhausts,modifycar-
engines
Catalystsorheat
reactorsincar
exhausts,modifycar-engines
Lead-freepetroland
modifyengines
nosmoking
Goodvenlaon
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Sourcesandimpactsofsoil
contaminaon
Soilcontamina2onresultsfromtwomajor
causes:
Acidifica2onofsoilthroughairpollu2on Pollu2onofsoilthroughwasteand
wastewaterdisposal
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Acidificaonofsoil
Acidifica2onofsoiloccurswhentheacidityoftherainincreasesduetoairpollu2on.
Ifgaseslikesulphurdioxide(SO),nitrogenoxides(NOX)andammonia(NH3)getintocontactwithwatermolecules,theyformacids.
Whenitrainsinareaswheretheairispollutedwithsulphurdioxideetc.,theseacidsareformedandfalldownasacidicrain.
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Acidificaonofsoil
Theacidspermeatethesoilandmixwiththewaterfromthe:
LakesPondsRiversetc.,
Thischangestheircomposi2onandposesdangertoplantsandanimals.
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Acidificaonofsoil
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Acidificaonofsoil
Acidrainharmsawiderangeofnon-organicmaterialsaswell,including:
Stone Cement Paint Varnish Paperandtex2les.
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Acidificaonofsoil
Themostimportantsourcesofgasesresponsible
foracidifica2onare:
Powerplants Industries Thetransportsector(throughexhaustfumes) Intensiveagriculture.
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Polluonofsoilthroughwaste
disposal
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Polluonofsoilthroughwaste
disposalIndustriesandprivatehouseholdsproduce
wastesuchas:
resi-duesfromindustrialmanufacturing
intensiveagriculture animalandhumanexcreta
dilapidatedconsumergoods worn-outvehiclesandpackagingmaterial
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Polluonofsoilthroughwaste
disposal wastewaterfromkitchens,bathroomsand
industrialplants.
Nearlyeveryar2cleweuseoru2liseturnsintowasteattheendofitslife.
Propertreatmentanddisposalofwasteandwastewaterareessen2altoprotectthesoil
fromcontamina2onandpollu2on.
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Polluonofsoilthroughwaste
disposal Whileorganicwastedecomposesnaturally,
otherformsofwastelikeplas2cwillstay
almostforever.
Heavymetals,radioac2veelementsandotherorganicorinorganicpoisonsaccumulateinthe
soilandenterthefoodchainviaplants,
animalsandwater.
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?Whatarethe
sourcesandimpactsof
groundandsurfacewaterpollu7on?
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Sourcesofsurfacewaterpolluon
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Sourcesofsurfacewaterpolluon
Privatehouseholdsandmanyindustrialprocessesproducewastewaterwhich
formthemajorsourceforsurfaceand
groundwaterpollu2on.
Wastewatercomesinfourdifferentformswhichmustbecollected,treated
andordisposedoftoavoidcontamina2onofourgroundandsurface
waterresources.
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Fourformsofwastewater
Rainand
stormwater
=surfacewateraerrains
Greywater=wastewaterfrombathing,laundryandkitchen
Brownor
blackwater
=wastewaterfromtoilets
Industrial
wastewater
=heavilypollutedwastewater
fromindustrialprocesses
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Impactsofgroundwaterpolluon
Untreatedwastewaterfrom:
Industrialproduc2on
Fer2liser Pes2cidesfromagriculture, Leakageandspillagefromoilandchemical
storagetanks
Leachatefromwastedumpsaswellasmineralsleachedbyacidicrainsetc.
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Impactsofgroundwaterpolluon
Allendupin
Streams Rivers Lakesandgroundwaterreservoirs Finallytheyflowintotheoceanwhere
thepollutantsaffectcoastalandmarineanimalandplantlife.
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Impactsofgroundandsurfacewater
polluon
Figure7:Acidificaonofsurfacewater
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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand
radiaon
Whatisthedifferencebetween
soundand
noise?
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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand
radiaon
Soundiscausedbyvibra2onintheair(orsomeothermedium)thatreachestheears
ands2mulatesasensa2onofhearing.
Noisepolluonemergeswhensoundbecomesloudordisagreeable,par2cularly
whenitresultsinphysiologicalor
psychologicalharm.
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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand
radiaon
Originsofassaultedatmospheric(human-
made)noises:
Trafficnoise Powerlawnmowers Jetsflyingoverhead Chainsaws Jackhammersor Disco/dancehall/vehiclemusic
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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand
radiaon Inindustryandproduc2onsectors:
theprocessingofmetalsgrindingcunghammeringareveryloudbutalsoothertypesofmachinesand
engines
fansandblowersaddtothenoisepollu2on.
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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand
radiaon
Theintensity(loudness)ofsoundismeasuredrela2vetoareferencesound
thatissolowthatitisalmostinaudible
tothehumanear.
Rela2veloudnessisexpressednumericallyusingthedecibel(db)scale
oramodifieddecibelscalecalled
decibel-A(dbA)scale.
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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand
radiaon
dbAscaletakesintoaccounthigh-pitchedsoundstowhichthehuman
earismoresensi2ve.
Prolongedexposuretonoiseleadstoalossofhearingability,becausethehaircellsinthecochleaaredamaged.
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THEDECIBLE-ASCALE(dbA)dbA Example Percepon/GeneralEffects
0
10
20
40
50
70
80
90
100
110120
150
Rustlingleaves,breathing
Whisper
Library
Quietneighbourhood
(dayme)
Vacuumcleaner,television
Washingmachine,typicalfactory
Motorcycleat8m
Jetflyoverat300m
Rockband,boomboxheldclosetoearChainsaw
Jetattakeoff
Hearingthreshold
Veryquiet
Veryquiet
Quiet
Quietmoderatelyloud
Moderatelyloud
Veryloud,intrusive
Veryloud;impairedhearing
withprolongedexposure
Veryloud-uncomfortablyloud
UncomfortablyloudUncomfortablyloud-painfully
loud
Painfullyloud-ruptured
eardrum
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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand
radiaon
Prolongedexposuretoloudnoiseresultsinpermanenthearingimpairment.
Otherphysiologicaleffectsofnoiseonthebodyinclude:
IncreasedheartrateCausesdila2oninchildrenCausesmusclecontrac2on.
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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand
radiaon
Prolongedexposuretohighlevelsofnoiseincreasesbloodpressureandcancauseheart
disease
Noisepollu2oncanalsocause:Migraine-DizzinessGastriculcers-HeadachesPsychologicalstress-Nausea
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Ionisingradiaon
Whatis
Ionisingradiaon?
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Ionisingradiaon
Lowlevelradia2onwhichhumansandother
organismsareexposedtofromseveralnatural
sourcessuchas:
cosmicraysfromouterspaceand radioac2veelementsintheearthcrustis
oenreferredtoasionisingradiaon.
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Ionisingradiaon
IntheUSaloneabout8%oftheaverageradia2onpeopleareexposedarefromthese
naturalsources.
Ionisingradiaoncontainsenoughenergytoejectelectronsfromatoms,whichresultsin
theforma2onofposi2velychargedatoms,calledions.
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Ionisingradiaon
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Oneofthedangerouseffectsofionisingradia2onisthedamageitdoestothegene2c
materialofanorganism.
DNAprovidesablueprintofallcharacteris2csofanorganismanddirectstheac2vityofcells.
Thus,damagetotheDNAisalwaysharmfultotheorganism.
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
ChangesinDNAareknownasmutaons.
Whenmuta2onoccursinreproduc2vecells(eggorsperm),theyare
passedontothenext
genera2on.
Figure 10:The impact of radioactive
radiation on human health
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Muta2oncanresultin:birthdefectsmentalretarda2onorgene2cdiseasesetc.
StudieshaveshownthatinBritainin1997,alone100,000maleworkersexposedtooccupa2onalradia2onbeforetheyconceived
childrenhadincreasedincidenceofleukemia
amongtheiroffspring.
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Ifmuta2onsoccurinnon-reproduc2vecellsofthebody,theymayalterthefunc2oningof
thosecells.
Thiscancontributetohealthproblemsduringanindividualslife2me,includinganincreased
likelihoodofcancer.
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Muta2oncanconvertnormalgenesthatcontrolgrowthanddevelopmentofhumans
intooncogenes
Oncogenesaregenesthatcausecancere.g.: Leukaemiaandcancerofthebone Thyroid Skin Lung Breastetc.
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Lowerlevelsofradia2onexposuremaycauseseriousmedicalproblemssuchas:
burnsontheskinanincreasedchanceofdevelopingcataractstemporarymalesterility.
Exposuretoveryhighlevelsofionisingradia2onmayresultindeath.
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
?
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Whetherlow-levelionisingradiaonsuchasthataroundnuclearpowerplantscauses
higherincidenceofcancerinpeoplewholive
andworknearbyornotiss2llbeingdiscussed.
Somestudieshaveindicatedincreasedcancerriskfromexposuretolowlevelsofionising
radia2on
Othersareyettoconfirmthesefindings.
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Whatisan
EMF?
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Inves2ga2onsares2llongoingonthepossiblelinksbetweenhealthproblemsandinvisible
electricandmagnecfields(EMFs)inthe
atmosphere.
WearesubjectedtoEMFsbothoutdoors,and Indoors(whenelectricityisusedinthe
householdoratwork-place).
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
EMFsareassociatedwith:
Highvoltagetransmissionlines
Mobilephonestransmissions Othertelecommunica2ondevices Electricblankets
Videodisplays Microwaveovensetc.
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Figure 11:Natural and man-made
sources of electric and magnetic fields
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
Studiessuggestthatchildrenwholivenearpowerlineshaveanincreasedriskof
leukaemia.
Otherstudiesonpeoplewhodiedfrombraintumoursfoundthatmostofthemhadcareers
inwhichtheyhadreceivedhigher-than-normalexposurestoEMFs
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
MostofthemwereTVETworkers:ElectriciansTelephoneworkersElectricEngineersetc. SomelaboratoryresearchindicatesthatexposuretoweakEMFscanalterhuman
cells.
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
?
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Effectsofionisingradiaon
ThediscussionabouttheharmfuleffectsofEMFsiss2llongoingandcontroversial.
However,healthexpertsstress,thattheriskofcancerfromexposuretoEMFsisverylow
whencomparedtoothercancer-causing
exposures,suchassmoking.
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