Post on 10-Nov-2021
2.2. ORGAN MASS MEASUREMENTS XA9846832
H. KAWAMURADivision of Radioecology,
National Institute of Radiological Sciences,Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, Japan
Introduction
The term, anatomical measurements, in the context of this Co-ordinated ResearchProgramme refers to measurements of masses of internal organs [1], although the human bodyis composed of internal organs and tissues such as skeleton, muscle, skin and adipose [2]. Themass of an organ containing a radionuclide (source organ), and the mass of a target organwhich absorbs energy of the radiation, are essential parameters in the ICRP dosimetric modelderived from the MIRD method [3]. Twelve specific organs of interest were proposed at theCoordinated research Programme Project Formulation Meeting (PFM) in 1988 [1]. A slightlydifferent set of thirteen organs with potential significance for radiation protection were seletedfor study at the Research Co-ordination Meeting held at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centrein 1991 [4, Appendix 2]. The dimensions of the organs could also be useful information, butwere considered unimportant for internal dose assessment. Due to the strong concern aboutthe unified method for collecting organ mass data at the PFM, a guide-line was established[1] stressing the need for organ data from subjects that were healthy and normal, at least untilshortly before death, or from sudden death cases, following the Japanese experience.
In this report, masses of nine to thirteen organs are presented from seven participatingcountries. Three participants have also reported the organ masses as fractions of the total bodymass.
Materials and Methods
At the beginning of the CRP, the following criteria for obtaining normal values of massof internal organs were proposed and approved [1, Appendix D]. The criteria apply both tocompilation of published literature survey data and specific measurements by the participants:
(1) Subjects are to be studied who died suddenly.(2) Autopsy should be carried out by qualified medical doctors within 24 hours after death
(in case of the temperate zone) in such a way that in situ mass of organs might beobtained.
(3) Data should be obtained from those who are found at autopsy to have been healthy andnormal shortly before death.
(4) Data should be obtained from those who do not show any of the followingpathological changes in any organ(s): inflammation, anemia, atrophy, regressivechange, fatty degeneration, neoplasm, or tumor, all of which tend to cause a changein the normal weight of organs.
Nutritional condition as well as the height and weight of the body may also beobserved.
The organs proposed for study were: the adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung,pancreas, pituitary gland, spleen, testis, thymus, and thyroid gland. Later, on the advice of
27
the ICRP Reference Man Task Group, female breast and ovaries were added and adrenals wereomitted from the list [4].
A summary of the populations studied, and materials and methods used for collecting dataon masses of organs is shown in Table 1. In case of China [5] and India [6], the data wereobtained for sudden death victims from published reports and from medical institutions indifferent locations in each country. In Indonesia [7], the data was obtained by medical doctors inforensic science with standard autopsy techniques, together with tissue sampling from some malesubjects for chemical analysis. In Japan [8] the normal data was obtained from such subjects whodied of sudden deaths such as traffic accidents, etc. through collaboration with Tokyo MedicalExaminer's Office which deals with autopsy to find cause of death for administrative purposes.In the Republic of Korea [9], the data were obtained in 1982, with little additional data. Since theoriginal paper written by the participant was not available, the methods used were not knownform compilation of this summary. In the Philippines [10], the data was obtained for medico-legalcases in co-operation with relevant institutions in Metro Manila as well as at the two otherhospitals outside the capital. In Viet Nam [11], data were requested from a number of hospitalswith instructions on the proper procedures to be used. The received data were reviewed andselected.
There are a few points to be noted when comparing the reported data as follows:
(1) Individual conditions for autopsy and measurement in each country were not necessarilyknown for all countries.
(2) Nutritional backgrounds are not exactly the same as are described in elsewhere in thisTECDOC.
(3) Little data was obtained for ages 15-16, and under in some countries, comparison of allthe organ masses of younger ages may not be very meaningful (n < 10 to n < 80).
(4) Slightly different age brackets from those requested in the reporting format wereemployed by some participants for practical reasons. This would make comparisondifficult especially for the "newborn" (i.e. less than 1 m to less than 1 y) and 1 y (i.e. 1 yto 1-2 y) as shown in Table 2.
Results and Discussion
Mass of organs-growth pattern and adult mean
The average masses and standard deviations of individual organs for each age group,reported by the participants [5-11] are summarized in Tables 3-14. For practical purposes, themasses for those organs which have two lobes, i.e. the lung, kidney, thyroid gland, testis andadrenal gland, have been summed for presentation here. Results for brain, liver, pancreas, testisand thyroid are shown graphically in Figs 1-9. These also provide a rough indication the growthchanges. Presentation of growth curves for normal Japanese from that report is reproduced in Fig.10 which may present typical changes in organ masses to over age 70 [12]. A detailed study ofthe Japanese population has been compiled and published [13], and is here referred to as the"Tanaka Model".
The composite averages and standard deviations of the reported national means werecalculated as in Tables 15-16. It should be noted that the overall results are inhomogeneous. Thevalues from the ICRP Reference Man [2] data and Tanaka Model for Reference Asian Man [13]are included in the tables for comparison and are graphically shown in Figs. 11-12.
28
TABLE I. MATERIALS AND METHODS USED FOR COLLECTING DATA ON MASSES OF ORGANS
Country
China(CPR)
India(IND)
Indonesia(IDN)
Japan(JPN)
Republic ofKorea(ROK)
Philippines(PHI)
Viet Nam(VIE)
Location
18 cities4 areas
Jakarta
Tokyo
NorthSouthManila
Period ofstudy
1950-90
1963
1989-90
1970-80
1982
1984and after
Original data source
15 medical colleges33 medical colleges CIRPCapital I. Children
Venkataraman et al.24 med. institutions4 or more medical
institutions
Widiatma et al.Forensic Med.,University of Indonesia
Tanaka et al.Medical examiner's
OfficeN1RS
Kim et al., Republic ofKoreanAdv. En. Res. Inst.
Baguio General HospitalV. Sotto G. HospitalSanto Tomas UniversityHospital, P.C.C.L. & P.B.I.
Various hospitals
Cause of death
Sudden deaths
Accidentaldeaths
Sudden deathsNormal until shortlybefore death
Sudden deathsNormal, healthy untilshortly before deathAdministrt. cases
Medico-legal cases
No. of subjects
19,9764070(18-55y)1000 (children)
10,000 (M),4,500 (F)10-50 for eachyounger age group
120 (M), 35 (F)(10-72y)
3,900 (M), 1470 (F)<70 for each youngerage group
1,344 (M), 577 (F)
1,191 (M), 236 (F)<10 for each youngerage group
220(M), 220(F)
Method ofmeasurement/evaluation
The criteria followedData selected
Data criticallyevaluated
Domestic standardprocedure, measure &weigh after cleaningwithin 24 h after death
Within 12-24 hourafter death, cadaverweighed. Visualexamination forpathological changes
Not specified
Visually examined forpathological changes
(Instructionsforwarded, Receiveddata selected)
TABLE II.
Age
range, asrequired
Newborni y5 y10 y15 y
20-50 y
COMPARISON
China
<1 mi y5y10 y15 y20 y30 y40 y
India
N.B.i y5 y10 y15 y>18y
BETWEEN THE REQUIRED
Age range used in individua
Indonesia
---
10-12 y13-15 y20-39 y
Japan
0-1 mi y5 y10 y15 y
20-50 y
AND ACTUAL AGE RANGES.
country reports
Republicof Korea
----
Adult
Philippines
<1 y1-2 y5-6 y
9-10 y15-16 y20-50 y
Viet Nam
N.B.• y5y10 y15 y
Totaladult
Brain
The brain mass increases rapidly after birth and, as shown in Table 3 and Fig. 1-2, itapproaches the adult level at ages 5 to 10. At age 5, a somewhat slower growth rate is suggestedby the data from India (Table 3, Fig 1-2). For all ages, the male brain mass was observed slightlylarger than that for females. Relative standard deviation of the adult brain weight was relativelysmall as 6.0-10.3%. In the adult male, the range found was 1236 g (India) -1442 g (Japan) withan arithmetic mean 1361±77 g (RSD 5.7%) as shown in Table 15. The reason for the intra-regional difference was not clear taking individual standard deviations into account. The brainmass from the Tanaka Model, 1470 g for adult male is within ± 8% level, which compares with1400 g of the ICRP Reference Man.
For the adult female, the range found was 1140 g (India) to 1321 g (Japan) with a meanof 1262±74 g. This is only 58 g smaller than the value from the Tanaka Model and 62 g largerthan the ICRP Reference Woman value as shown in Table 16.
Breast
Only the Viet Namese report provided data for breast [11]. From that report, the breastmass grows slowly. At 15 years, it becomes about 4.6 times that at 10. Relative standarddeviation of the breast weight in the adult was 18%. In this report [Ref. 11, Table 5], the weightis referred to as that of the breast (right), but it is assumed to be the total weight of the right andleft. The figure is 50 g less than that assumed by the Tanaka Model for Reference Asian adultfemale, and 110 g smaller than that of the ICRP Reference Woman as shown in Table 16.
Heart
The heart weight increases gradually with age as shown in Table 4. There is no apparentdifference in the data reported here in the growth pattern found among the locations. Over 10years, the male heart was larger than that of the female, though within one standard deviation.There are some differences in the average heart weights for the adult male among the countriesform a minimum for India (243 g) to a maximum for Japan (379 g). The mean is 303±53 g. Therelative standard deviations in the adult ranged from 10.0% (Viet Namese) to 23.8% (Japanese).The mean is 20% smaller than that for the Tanaka Model (380 g). In comparison with the ICRPReference Man (330 g), it is only 8% smaller.
30
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
P ='4 '•'3 : '
•3 ; i
1?!
r'j
I is
-1 '"-j
China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Vietnam
FIG. 1. Male brain mass — grams.
. • NewbornD 1 yearH 5 years
I D 1 o years. • 1 5 yearsi • 20-50 years i
[,600
1,400 [
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
rrr nS I
Mi
i..: , !
in
f i ;1 K'l
~4
i i i
Ii i
: ,... ! . '
• Newborn• 1 year• 5 years
t G 10 yearsJ El 15 years) [120-50 years
China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Vietnam
FIG. 2. Female brain mass — grams.
31
2,000 r
1,500 !
1,000
500 !-
0 '-
n« . > ! n
i ti <
- l i
a
China IndonesiaIndia Japan
r |
Korea VietnamPhilippines
• NewbornD 1 yearM 5 yearsZS10 yearsD 15 yearsZ3 20-250 years
1,000
500
n i
i
FIG. 3. Male liver mass — grams.
z,uuu
1,500
,—j
1 j
•
, 11 NewbornD 1 year
' • 5 yearsCIO yearsB 15 years"Z 20-50 years
ULi:
r
[ 1
China India Indonesia Japan Korea Philippines Vietnam
FIG. 4. Female liver mass — grams.
32
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
• j
i !
r • ;
• NewbornG 1 yearO 5 yearsZ 10 yearsD 15 years• 20-50 years
^hina india Japan Korea Philippines Vietnam
FIG. 5. Male pancreas mass — grams.
120
80
60
40
20
(20)
• i
{ '
I
I
i i
t
i i !
• NewbornG 1 year• 5 yearsG 10 years• 15 yearsEZ 20-50 years
China India Japan Korea Philippines Vietnam
FIG. 6. Female pancreas mass — grams.
33
40
30
20
10
India
r~s
_LIndonesia Japan Vietnam
• NewbornD 1 yearM 5 yearsC 10 yearsQ 15 yearsG 20-50 years
FIG. 7. Testis mass — grams.
40
30
20
10
I !
n- s
E I
r -IChina
i
I
india Indonesia Japan Philippines Vietnam
, • Newborn j. • 1 year j1 • 5 years \
D 10 years |C 15 years jZ 20-50 years |
FIG. 8. Male thyroid mass — grams.
34
40
30
• NewbornEH 1 yearB 5 yearsH 10 yearsE 15 yearsZ 20-50 years
20
n1 0 (•
i i
H
China Indonesia Japan Philippines Vietnam
FIG. 9. Female thyroid mass — grams.
In the adult female, the heart weight ranged from 211 g (India) to 310-g (Japan), the meanbeing 261=41 g. This was about 60 g smaller than that of the Tanaka Model adult female (322g) and 21 g larger than the ICRP Reference Woman (240 g).
Kidney
The data show that the weight of the kidney, as in Table 5, gradually increases with age.Growth patterns appeared roughly similar for the countries while male growth from 15 years tothe adult male varied from country to country.
The combined mass of the kidneys in the adult male showed a range 207 g (Indonesia)to 324 g (Japan) with a mean of 268±42 g. This is about 50 g smaller than that for Tanaka Model(320 g) which is similar to that for ICRP Reference Man (310 g).
In the female, the kidney weight ranged from 192 g (Indonesia) to 293 g (Philippines)with a mean of 248 ± 39 g, which is about 34 g smaller than the Tanaka Model, and about 27 gsmaller than the ICRP Reference Woman (275 g).
Liver
As shown in Table 6 and Figs 3-4, the liver weight increases gradually with age and thegrowth patterns appeared generally similar for the countries as seen from the reported data. Massof the adult male liver ranges from 1135 g (India) to 1864 g (Republic of Korea) with a mean1429±254 g. This is about 170 g smaller than 1600 g of the Tanaka model, which is in turn 200g less than that of the ICRP Reference Man, 1800 g.
In the adult female, it was found to be from 1051 g (India) to 1611 g (Republic of Korea)with a mean of 1296=183 g, which is about 72 g smaller than in the Tanaka Model (1368g) and 104 g smaller than in the ICRP Reference Woman (1400 g).
35
II III 211 XI 411 SI Ml 711 III 911 II III 20 3(1 411 SI Ml 711 HI 9(1 It III 10 30 111 SI 611 711 80 911
Mile
• Female
II III 211 JU 411 511 611 711 II III 2(1 311 411 30 Ml 711 8(1 90 (I III 211 »l 4(1 SI Ml 711 811 911
HI •
16 •
12 •
8 -
4 •
/ Thyroid
/— » — Mile
• Fcnwlc
10 20 M 40 SO 611 70 10 90 II 10 20 30 40 SI 60 7(1 80 90
FIG. 10. Masses for selected organs for Japanese as a function of age — g [12].
2,• MeanD . anaka Mode:E Reference Man
1,500
1.000
500 i -..' :.. I
Brain Liver Lung
400
300
200
100
• MeanD Tanaka Mode!83 Reference Man
Heart Kidney Pancreas Spleen
40
30
20
10
I F::
Testis Thyroid Adrenal
! BKeanTanaka ModesReference Man
FIG, 11. Adult male organ masses.
37
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
800
400
200
0
i .
Brain Liver Lung
B MeanD Tanaka Mode;O Reference Man
300
250
200
150
100
50
: 1 1 1 Mean
• " : • _ : ; >
' "j?
I
I
1
1 i • -, '
;. •.-•1 : : ' • ' .
1 H Tanaka Model1 B Reference Man
Heart Kidney Pancreas Spleen
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
- -
\:
i"[•
I ! '
I i m MeanB Tanaka ModelB Reference Man
Thyroid Adrenal
FIG. 12. Adult female organ masses.
38
TABLE III. BRAIN MASS - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
10yISy
20-50y
Female Newborn
iy5y
lOy15y
20-50y
China (1)
Mean
398.01024.61293.81388.01446.61432.9
415.69507
11825130061306613174
S.D
408.01035.9131251392.01441.1
(143.0)
554.2964.0
1194.21298.2111.9
(192.8)
India
Mean
295785986
114212081236
295670
1010108411501140
S.D.
138133230182172127
138215220182100120
Indonesia (2,3)
Mean
1387.51356.01345.1
1348.2
1202.6
Japan
Mean
475.01133.5140331447.11475.01442.1
467.51060.31358.61301.71362.01308.6
S.D.
102.3113.393.284.0
101.7116.6
124.8137.390.4
104.797.199.7
Philippines
Mean
(1020)11251283131713571387
_
10271250128213301321
(4)
S.D.
.8385
120121143
62.
2930
115
Viet Nam
Mean
335.63901.20
1157.601170.711294.071320.90
335.57900.00
1123.201138.891243 101284.13
S.D
22.0767.8477.7477.3680.5979.70
24.1758.3174.5472.5078.9371.79
1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D.s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) Sum of the means and S.D.s for the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem3) "10y"=10-12y, "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.4) "Newborn"=<ly, "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y, " I Oy"^-1 Oy and "15y"=I5-16y.
TABLE IV. HEART MASS - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
10y15y
20-50y
Female Newborn
iy5y
10ylSy
20-50y
China (1)
Mean
22.159.599.6
152.5258.7300.8
21.549.797.0
141.9231.0266.9
S.D.
8.448.024.048.655.0
(54.9)
7.011.155.338.648.3
(52.1)
India
Mean
173973
140208243
173574
134220211
S.D
71250589552
7122878
10547
Indonesia (2)
Mean
119.95207.83253.55
98.50
217.20
S.D.
35.7180.2736.35
34.66
Japar
Mean
27.959.097.1
177.1302.9379.3
27.156.7
116.3170.1235.0309.8
S.D.
9.314.013.320.527.190.3
7.416.628.7
49.393.7
Republic of Korea
Mean
348.8
301.6
Philippines (3)
Mean
(19)6297
166306334
(15)5894
156248288
S.D.
(11)65
111162
(7)5-58
43
Viet Nam
Mean
17.0941.4082.44
125.64203.93258.41
17.0042.0084.08
119.81202.34230.24
S.D.
1 702.895.14761
17.2925 82
1.973.015.177.66
18.5624.21
1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) "10y"=10-12y. "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.3) "Newborn*=<ly, "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y, "IOy"=9-lOy and "I5y"=l5-I6y
TABLE V. KIDNEY MASS (2) - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
10y15y
20-50y
Female Newborn
iy5y
10y15y
20-50y
China (1)
Mean
28.176.0
122.9172.0253.0279.3
27.770.8
120.2168.6242.1260.1
S.D.
10823.530.845.653.9
(57.5)
11.318.936.348.446.7
(514)
India
Mean
205698
141198224
205195
143217207
S.D.
71639375148
71839325447
Indonesia (2)
Mean
114.75194.33206.59
101.9-
1920S
Japan
Mean
30.272.8112.2183 6245.0324.0
29.1688116 2160.0237.5279.4
Republic ofKorea
Mean
251.6
227.7
Philippines (3)
Mean
(15)76146193269295
(13)68117168240293
Viet Nam
Mean
27.4172.04
129.76194 00236.3729623
26.0070.00
128.20186.60234.10276.40
S.D.
2.786.26
11.4812.2113.6813.33
2.206.409.98
10.7510.1312.67
1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D.s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) " 10y"=10-12y, " 15y"= 13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y3) "Newbom-=<ly. "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y. "10y"=9-10y and "15y"=15-16y.
39
TABLE VI. LIVER MASS - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y10y15y2O-50y
Female Newborn
iy5yIOy15y20-50y
China
Mean
114.8370.9635.6885.9
1249.41356.7
115.3341.6624.4943.2
1233.01272.4
(1)
S.D.
61.9127.6159.7234.5255.0
(233.9)
37.9893
315.7955.2273.1
(248.8)
India
Mean
99250478785888
1135
99222448617954
1051
S.D.
32103172203245251
3281
150208244226
Indonesia (2)
Mean
666.28874001155.6
1114.7
S.D.
57.02186.8
298.45
236.91
Japan
Mean
169.0427.6639.2942.9
1363.81598.9
127.4391.9625.0910.0
1276.71345.2
S.D
44.490.467.4
1430150.7354.4
36.171.591.5
107.675.5
332.8
Republic ofKorea
Mean
1863.9
1610.9
Philippines (3)
Mean
(89)364735
106412991472
(66)390600875
12651361
S.D
(58)10027
106285232
(31)32
.
1815
180
Viet
Mean
75.88210.96402.80705.06
1204.441417.82
77.60221.20362.00692.20
1161 901319.00
Nam
S.D.
5.6016.8255.6476.71
107.89116 91
5.4165.0332.7257.67
237.58105.70
TABLE VII. LUNG MASS (2) - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
10y15y
20-50y
Female Newborn
iy5y
lOv15y
20-SOy
China (1)
Mean
614207.7362.0564.2941.6
1065.1
56.5187.1354.3472.6769.3842.2
S.D.
22.0167.3120.4228.7435.3
(329.4)
17.863.9
1246189.7232.5
(232.9)
India
Mean
63123252462645841
6398
208413598670
S.D.
2136
137220242154
213055
198226140
Indonesia (2,3)
Mean
309.68754.50826.85
739.16
Japan (2)
Mean
90.4193.6322.9554.3910.01169.8
90.4186.0255.0453.4641.3906.8
Republic ofKorea (2)
Mean
1201.4
948.4
Philippines (2,4)
Mean
(69)2162815158311049
(64)191318431735864
Viet Nam
Mean
39.91120.60212.24390.18643.70680.06
39.11119.80207.20325.40570.30607.50
S.D.
4.4112.5215.8619.7922.3727.30
4.0226.7120.5220.8021.1726.41
1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D.s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) Sum of the means and s.d.s for the left and right lobes3) "10y"=10-12y, "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.4) "Newbom"=<ly, "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y, "10y"=9-10y and "15y"=15-16y
TABLE VIII. PANCREAS MASS - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
10y15y
2O-5Oy
Female Newborn
iy5y
10y15y
20-50y
China (1)
Mean
4.421.039.556.288.4108.5
4.317.741.849.484.898.1
S.D.
3.230.114.320.625.2
(294)
2.37.055.115.331.2
(28.0)
India
Mean
31425558096
31131477382
S.D.
1612154934
1613152532
Japan
Mean
5.824.139.574.3100.0135.1
7.024.246.761.7100.8112.2
S.D.
2.67.77.914.020.037.8
2.75.08.64.16.1
30.4
Republic ofKorea
Mean
56.4
54.0
Philippines
Mean
(4)254970100129
(4)24426397105
S.D.
(4)418215
(3)2-125
Viet Nam
Mean
5.5315.0440.0072.00102.00124.81
5.9714.1236.8469.8197.41110.30
S.D.
2.034.308.0412.0617.8921.55
1.423.876.319.7521.1622.01
Adult mean calculated from the means and S D s for the 20. 30 and 40 year old adult
40
TABLE IX. PITUITARY GLAND MASS - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
IOy15y
2O-5Oy
Female Newborn
iy5y
10y15y
2O-5Oy
Japan
Mean
0.190.210.320.360.530.56
0.200.270.310.360.570.63
S.D.
0.080.080060.070.080.12
0.070.060.080.080.080.15
Viet Nam
Mean
0 100 140.250.340480.60
0.110.150.250.360.550.60
S.D.
0.010.010.050.090.140.12
0.020.020.050.060.11Oil
TABLE X. SPLEEN MASS - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
I0y15y
20-50y
Female Newborn
ly5y
IOy15y
2O-5Oy
China (1)
Mean
11.945.178.9
106.7161.7167.1
11.339.765.394.4
150.6146.5
S.D
8.122.975.449.073.3
(80.3)
5.717.228.444.067.5
(61.5)
India
Mean S.D
72358
102118137
7215889
132119
41331552867
48
23624459
Indonesia (2)
Mean
73.1383.75
112.71
104.23
S.D
17.3937.1256.76
28.30
Japan
Mean
12.545.961.791.1
120 8129.8
12.636.752.985.1
113.1123.1
S.D.
4.717.718.621.718.454.2
4.611.213.731 622.453.6
Republic ofKorea
Mean
67.3
58.2
Philippines (3)
Mean
(7)476688
124138
(7)336575
110120
S.D.
(7)2173
18
(6)15
.4-
14
Viet Nam
Mean
8.0325.8846.9287.92
149.56165.74
8.0325.1941.7685.93
137.24139.68
S.D.
1.335.09
12.0117.5228.6438.68
1.306.40
10.1919.1621.452671
1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D.s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) "10y"=10-l2y, "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.3) "Newbom"=<ly, "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y, "10y"=9-I0y and "15y"=15-16y.
TABLE XI. TESTIS MASS (2) - GRAMS
Age
Newborn
iy5y10y15y2O-5Oy
India
Mean S.D
2367
2235
113255
Indonesia (1.2)
Mean
13.2523.6626.44
Japan (1)
Mean
1.642.642.874.09
33.2936.11
Viet
Mean
0.351.032.964.02
17.6736.86
Nam
S.D.
O i l0.521.121.723.364.44
1) Sum of the means and s.d.s for the left and right lobes2) "10y"=10-12y. "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.
41
TABLE XII. THYMUS MASS - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newbornly5y
10y15y
20-5Oy
Female Newborn
iy5y
lOyI5y
20-5Oy
Japan
Mean
17.630.130.939.735 132.2
18.828.133.834.030.727.5
S.D
848.29.59.3
12.7164
8.58.28.55.35.8
12.0
Viet
Mean
13.0620.0020.0415.0014.9310 00
11.9719.9218.0815.0714.977.97
Nam
S.D.
2.193.083.632.923.152.21
2.143.053.203.043.252.23
TABLE XIII. THYROID GLAND MASS (2) - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
10yISy
20-50y
Female Newborn
iy5y
10yISy
20-50y
China
Mean
2.33.36.49.7
12327.4
2.33.15.79.9
13.126.6
80% normal
Range
1.1-3.91.7-5.3
3 1-10.24.9-16.270-19.9
10.7-55.8
1.1-4.31.6-5.13.4-8.7
5.0-16.57.6-19.5
10.1-33.5
India
Mean S
1.5348
1219
D.
0.41.02.03.05.07.0
Indonesia
Mean
6.5811.6716.81
17.76
S.D.
3.725.516.85
6.15
Japar
Mean
1.582.703.778.71
15.5118.80
1.572.565.049.58
15.3016.80
S.D.
0.560.710.581.132.415.13
0.470.720.773 543.024.86
Philippines
Mean S.D.
(8)--
1010
22
(2)5-
20-
30 8
Viet Nam
Mean
2.022.959.00
20.0327.9935.47
2.172.829.23
18.6727.7536.00
S.D.
0.270.361.502.733.424.31
0.350.322.383.023.563.31
TABLE XIV. ADRENAL GLAND MASS (2) - GRAMS
Sex Age
Male Newborn
iy5y
10yISy
2O-5Oy
Female Newborn
iy5y
IOyISy
2O-5Oy
China
Mean
7.35.27.59.8
12.614.7
7.25.47.3
10.014.214.3
SD.
3.32.24.14 84.55.7
3.22.8394.75.36.2
Indonesia
Mean
5.388.5011.30
9.67
Japan
Mean
4.344.535.308.7910.911429
3.654085.588.1010.6312.91
Philippines
Mean
20
17
25
42
TABLE XV. MALE ADULT ORGAN MASSES (7 COUNTRIES)
Organ
BrainHeartKidney (2)LiverLung (2)PancreasPituitarySpleenTestis (2)ThymusThyroidAdrenal (2)Gall bladderProstateSalivary gland
No. of
countries
677776264264111
Range
Min.
1,236243224
1,135680960.56
11326.410.016.811.3
--
Max.
1,442379324
1,8641,201
1350.60
16736.932.235.5
17--
Mean
1,361303268
1,429976119
0.5814233.621.1
32.2 (JPN)14.3
29 (PHI)19.1 (IDN)78.5 (IDN)
S.D.
775342
254196
16_
211.8
.16.4 (JPN)
2.318 (PHI)
10.9 (IDN)14.9 (IDN)
Mid
point(1)
310
1,502945
Tanaka
Modeladult male
1,470380320
1,6001,200
1300.6
13036321914
(8)»(13)(82)
Reference
ManICRP Pub.
23
1,400330310
1,8001.000
1000.6
18035202014101685
1) Ref. 17*) Figures in parentheses are estimates
TABLE XVI. FEMALE ADULT ORGAN MASSES (7 COUNTRIES)
Organ
BrainBreastHeartKidney (2)LiverLung (2)OvaryPancreasPituitarySpleenThymusThyroidAdrenal (2)UterusGall bladderSalivary gland
No. of
countries
6177771626264111
Range
Min.
1,140-211192
1,051608-820.60
1197.97
16.89.7
-
Max.
1,321-310293
1,361948-112
0.63147
27.536.025
--
Mean
1,262250 (VIE)
261248
1,296797
9.0 (VIE)100
0.62125
27.5 (JPN)25.415.5
58.5 (PHI)40 (PHI)65.8 (IDN)
S.D.
7445 (VIE)
4139
183127
1.0 (VIE)12-15
12.0 (JPN)8.26.6
29.9 (PHI)7 (PHI)
19.4 (IDN)
Tanaka Model
adult female
1,320(300) •322282
1,368894
(11)113
0.64125291713
(70)(6)
(62)
Reference
ManICRP Pub.
23
1,200360240275
1,400800
1185
0.715020171480
870
*) Figures in parentheses are estimates
Lung
The lung mass grows gradually with age (Table 7) with similar patterns of increase seenfor all the participating countries. The weight of the both lungs in the adult male for the sevencountries was from 680 g (Viet Nam) to 1201 g (Republic of Korea) with a mean of 976±196 g.A relatively large variation was found (RSD 20.1%). The mean is approximately 220 g or 19%smaller than that of Tanaka Model, 1200 g but is only a little smaller than 1000 g in the ICRPReference Man.
43
In the female counterpart, it ranged from 608 g (Viet Nam) to 948 g (Republic of Korea)with a mean of 797±127 g (RSD 15.9%). This is about 11% less than the Tanaka Model (894 g),and almost the same as that of the ICRP Reference Woman (800 g).
Pancreas
The mass of the pancreas increases with age with similar growth patterns for the reportingcountries (Table 8 and Fig. 5-6). The mass in the adult male ranged from 96 g (India) to 135 g(Japan) with a mean 119±16 g. This was about 11 g less than that for the Tanaka Model, and 19g larger than the ICRP Reference Man.
In the adult female, it ranged from 82 g (India) to 112 g (Japan) and the mean was 100±12g. It was about 13 g less than in the Tanaka Model, but, 15 g larger than the ICRP ReferenceWoman.
The Korean results were not used in the calculated means because they were about onehalf of the other participants' values. However, another source indicates 85.5 and 89.7 g, for theiradult female and male, respectively [Ref. 9, Table 9-10].
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a small organ of less than 1 g (Table 9). It grows with age and staysalmost constant in the adult male and female up to age 50. The data was obtained only from Japanand Viet Nam. It is only the organ that is larger in the female than in the male [2, 12].
In the adult male, the mean 0.58 g is close to that assumed in Tanaka Model 0.60 g, whichis the same as that in the Reference Man. In the adult female, the mean was 0.62 g and a littlesmaller than the Tanaka Model, and ICRP Reference Woman, 0.64 and 0.70 g, respectively.
Spleen
The spleen mass shows gradual increase with age, while, according to Japanese data, tendsto exhibit considerable decrease beyond after the 30s, both in the male and female (Table 10). Inthe adult male, the weight ranged from 113 g (Indonesia) to 167 g (China), with a mean of142±21 g, which is 12 g larger than for the Tanaka Model (130 g). It was 38 g smaller than forthe ICRP Reference Man (180 g). The spleen weight may increase due to a certain disease [14].
In the adult female, it ranged from 104 g (Indonesia) to 147 g (China) with the mean125±15 g. This was the same as that of the Tanaka Model and 25 g smaller than the ICRPReference Woman.
The Korean results were not used in calculating means because they were about a half ofthe rest of the data, but, the other data source shows approximately 100 and 107 g for the femaleand male, respectively [Ref. 9, Table 9-10].
Testis
As shown in Table 11 and Fig. 7, the weight of testes increases very slowly until 10 yearsand showed a spurt between 10 and 15 years. The spurt appeared most conspicuous for Japanese,followed by the Indians and the Viet Namese.
The testes weight in the adult ranged from 26.4 (Indonesia) to 36.9 g (Viet Nam) with amean of 33.6±1.8 g (RSD: 5.4%). The mean mass is consistent, within -6.7%, with the value ofthe Tanaka Model for Asian adult male and ICRP Reference Man, 36 and 35 g, respectively.
44
Thymus
It is known that the thymus shows a peculiar growth pattern - rapid growth up to around10 or 12 years and decrease thereafter [2], as also seen for Japanese [12]. Data was reported onlyfrom Japan and Viet Nam (Table 12).
The thymus weights from Viet Nam are generally smaller that those for Japanese childrenand particularly adult male (about a third: 10 to 32.2 g in the adult male). The mass of the TanakaModel is 32g.
In the adult female, the data from Japan was 27.5g, compared with 29 g in the TanakaModel. The value reported from Viet Nam was about 8 g. The thymus weight of the ICRPReference male and female is the same, 20 g.
Thyroid gland
As shown in Table 13 and Figs 8-9, the thyroid gland showed an increase with age, withacceleration in the teens. The value was then constant past age 60. The increase after birth to 17years has been pointed out to be an important factor in assessing dose from radioiodine depositedin the organ.
The thyroid weight of the adult male has a wide range from 16.8 g (Indonesia) to 35.5g(Viet Nam), and appeared in the following order: Viet Nam > China > Philippines > India > Japan> Indonesia. This may be associated with possible occurrence of goiter due to low intakes ofnatural iodine in the diet. It is known that goiters are seen in Viet Nam [15], The mean value23.2±7.0 g (RSD 30.2%) is considerably larger than the value for the Tanaka Model and the ICRPReference Man, 19 g and 20 g, respectively.
The thyroid weight in the adult female was from 16.8 g (Japan) to 36.0 g (Viet Nam) witha mean of 25.4±8.2 g (RSD 32.3%). No data was available from India. The mean is markedlylarger than those in the Tanaka Model and ICRP Reference Woman, 17 and 17 g, respectively.
Adrenal gland, gall bladder, prostate and uterus
The adrenal weight increases with age. In the adult, it changes little up to the 50s and 60saccording to the Japanese data (Table 14). The adrenal mass in the adult male ranges from 11.3(Indonesia) to 17 g (Philippines) with a mean 14.3 g which is in agreement with that of theTanaka Model and ICRP Reference Man, 14 g. In the adult female, it ranged from 9.7 g(Indonesia) to 25 g (Philippines) and the mean being 15.5±6.6 g. This was 19% larger than theTanaka Model and 11% larger than the ICRP Reference Woman.
The gall bladder was reported only from Philippines. The average weights for the adultappeared a few times larger than those assumed by ICRP.
The weights of the prostate (19.1 g) and salivary glands (78.5 and 65.8 g for the male andfemale adult, respectively) are reported only from Indonesia and regarded to be valuable (Tables15-16).
Summary of Average Adult Organ weights
Male
The total mean of the brain mass, 1361 g had small variation among six countries (RSD5.7%) and 93 and 97% of the ICRP Reference Man and Tanaka Model adult male, respectively(Fig. 11).
45
The average weights of the heart, kidney, liver and lung were lower than that of the ICRPReference Man, being 92, 87, 79 and 98%, respectively. These were 80, 84, 89 and 81% of theTanaka Model for Asian adult male, respectively. The weights of the pancreas, thymus andthyroid were larger than those of the Reference Man, being 119, 161 and 116%, respectively.These were 92, 100 and 122% of that of the Tanaka model, respectively. That of the pituitary,testis and adrenal was 97,96 and 102%, of that of the Reference Man, respectively, while it wasbeing 97, 93 and 102% of that of the Tanaka Model. The spleen weight was 79 and 109% of thatof the Reference Man and Tanaka Model, respectively.
For information, the weight of the prostate and salivary glands reported was 119 and 92%of that of the ICRP Reference Man, respectively.
Female
The mean brain mass was 1262 g (RSD 5.9%) and 96 and 105% of that for the TanakaModel and Reference Woman of ICRP (Fig. 12).
The average weight of the heart, kidney, liver and lung was 109, 90, 93 and 100% of thatof the ICRP Reference Woman, respectively. That was 81, 88,95 and 89% of that of the TanakaModel for Asian adult female, respectively. The weight of the breast and ovary reported was 69and 82% of that of the Reference Woman, respectively and 83 and 82% of that of the TanakaModel, respectively. The weight of the pancreas, thymus and thyroid was 118, 138 and 149%,respectively of the Reference Woman. It was 88, 95 and 149% of that of the Tanaka Model,respectively. The average weight of the pituitary and adrenal was 89 and 111%, respectively ofthat of the ICRP Reference Woman and 97 and 119% of the Tanaka Model for Asian adultfemale. The spleen weight was 83 and 100% of the Reference Woman and Tanaka Model,respectively.
For information, the weight reported for the uterus and salivary glands was 73 and 94%of the Reference Woman and 84 and 106% of the Tanaka Model, respectively.
Fractional mass of organs
The fraction of total body mass represented by each organ, assumed to have been obtainedfor individual subjects, are averaged over each age group in Tables 17-18. Significance of the datalies in that they are the ratios of the individual organs to the total body weight in individualsubjects, and that the values can be regarded to be normalized with respect to the body weight,providing that the data were properly obtained. The data may be useful in understanding organmasses among different populations. However, the following factors should be noted for natureof the fractional mass data:
(1) the weight of cadaver might be affected by dehydration after death, and(2) the body weight is the sum of the lean body mass and body lipid (fat), and may be
influenced by varying degree of obesity in the adult.
The pattern of change in the fractional mass of organs during growth from the newbornto adult (20-50y) is summarized in Table 19. However, the patterns do not indicate changesbetween 20 and 50 years. Variations in the fractional mass with age for the brain, liver, spleenand thyroid are shown in Figs. 13-18.
46
The average fractional organ masses
The mean fractional masses calculated from Chinese, Indian and Japanese data for 12organs in the adult male and 11 in the female are shown in Tables 20-21. The data for the adrenalsfrom China were not used in the calculation. Fractional masses calculated from the Tanaka Model[13] and ICRP Reference Man data [2] are presented for comparison. Fractional organ masses forIndonesia, Philippines and Viet Nam were estimated using the average body mass values for theadult male and female, and are shown in the tables. From these tables, the following can be seen:
(1) The fractional mass for most of the organs currently reported from China, India and Japanappears to be similar.
(2) Estimated fractional organ masses from the Philippine data are relatively close to themean fractions reported from the three countries. For the Indonesian estimates, thefractional mass for organs except brain seemed to be smaller than mean fractions fromChina, India and Japan. For Viet Nam, the estimates for kidney, spleen and thyroidappeared larger than the three country-means.
(3) The fractional mass of the brain in the adult male and female appeared to be nearlyconstant, 0.025-0.027 among the three country-means, estimates for other three countriesand the Tanaka Model adult male. It was considerably larger than 0.020-0.021 of theICRP Reference Man and Woman.
(4) The data shows that the fractional organ mass may vary from population to population,especially between the present Asian and the European populations (including NorthAmericans) as recommended by ICRP.
Comparison of fractional organ mass with Tanaka Model and ICRP Reference Man data
In Fig. 19 are shown ratios between the total mean of the fractional organ masses (China,India and Japan) and the Tanaka Model or the ICRP Reference Man data.
Male
With reference to the Tanaka Model adult male, most of the organs showed ratios nearunity (brain, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, pituitary gland, testes, thymus, adrenals: 0.90-1.13)where the spleen, thyroid and heart, showed somewhat high or low ratios: 1.27, 1.28 and 0.89,respectively (Fig. 19).
In comparison with ICRP Reference Man, many organs showed larger values than unity(brain, heart, lung, pancreas, testes, thymus, thyroid, adrenals: 1.25-1.93). Among them, the brain,pancreas, testis, thymus and thyroid were organs to have ratios larger than 1.30. However, for theheart, liver, pituitary and spleen, the three country means were within 0.96-1.11 of the ReferenceMan.
Female
In comparison with the Tanaka Model adult female, eight organs had ratios near unity(brain, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, pituitary, thymus, adrenals: 0.91-1.04) while the spleen,thyroid and heart show slightly different ratios: 1.16,1.12 and 0.86, respectively (Fig. 19).
Compared with ICRP Reference Woman, however, the present ratios tended to be higherfor nine organs (brain, heart, kidney, lung, pancreas, spleen, thymus, thyroid and adrenal: 1.12-1.59). Among them, the brain, heart, pancreas, thymus and thyroid have ratios greater than 1.24.However, for the liver and pituitary, the ratio was 1.04 and 1.00, respectively.
47
0.14
0.12
3.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
• NewbornD 1 yearB 5 yearsEZ 10 yearsn 15 years
; j Q 20-50 years
China India Japan
!, ̂
Mean
FIG. 13. Body mass fraction for brain — Male.
U.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-
•
i
; •
, —
i '1
• !
China India Japan
• NewbornG 1 yearB 5 yearsC 10 yearsD 15 yearsZ 20-50 years
Mean
FIG. 14. Body mass fraction for brain — Female.
0.05
3,04
103
3.02
0.0'
0
f '
i i
r
k'i
;. 1
• NewbornEH 1 yearH 5 yearsZ 10 years• 15 yearsZ 20-50 years
China India Jaoan Mean
FIG. 15. Body mass fraction for liver — Male.
0.05
0.04 •
0.03 | 1
0.02 I
fi0.01
Ch
•i "V
Iig
It"';
j
' -1
;' 1- • !
•) i i*
i i !
mI
?:
na India Japan Mean
• NewbornLJ 1 yearE 5 years^j 10 yearsG 15 years• 20-50 years
FIG. 16. Body mass fraction for liver — Female.
49
0.006 r
0.005 \ —
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001 i
0 L
i :
Chim india
i ' •
Japan Mean
• NewbornG 1 yearB 5 years\Z 10 yearsD 15 yearsZ 20-50 years
FIG. 17. Body mass fraction for spleen •
0.006
0.005 i —
0.004 \
0.003
0.002
0.001
• Newborn |B 1 year I• 5 years 1H 10 years I• 15 years !D 20-50 years j
japan Mean
F/G. 18. Body mass fraction for liver — Female.
TABLE XVII. FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASS - BRAIN, HEART, KIDNEY, LIVER AND LUNG
SEX AGE
Male Newborn
iy
5y10y
I5y
2O-5Oy
Female Newborn
iy
5y
10y
15y
20-50y
China
0 131
0 114
0.078
0.053
0.030
0027
0.138
0.112
0.074
0.055
0.036
0.025
BrainIndia
0 1
0.095
0.069
0.050
0.030
0024
0.1
0.086
0.072
0.048
0.027
0.026
Japan
0.13
0 120
0.085
0.053
0.029
0.026
0 130
0.110
0.079
0.046
0.029
0.028
Mean
0.120
0 110
0.077
0.052
0.030
0.026
0.123
0.103
0.075
0.050
0.031
0.026
China
0.007
0007
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.005
HeartIndia
0.006
0004
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.006
0.0045
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.005
Japan
0.0075
0.0060
0.0058
0.0064
0.0060
0.0068
0.0074
0.0054
0.0066
00060
0.0053
0.0066
Mean
0.0068
0.0057
0.0056
0.0058
0.0057
0.0056
0.0068
0.0053
0.0059
0.0060
00054
0.0055
China
0.009
0.009
0007
0007
0005
0.005
0.009
0008
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.005
KidneyIndia
0.007
0.007
0007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.007
0.0065
0.0068
0.0064
0.0057
0.0048
Japan
0.0082
0.0071
00070
0.0067
00048
0.0058
00079
00070
0.0066
0.0059
0.0051
0.0060
Mean
0.0081
00077
0.0070
0.0066
0.0049
0.0049
0.0080
0.0072
0.0068
0.0061
0.0056
0.0053
China
0.038
0.041
0037
0.034
0025
0.023
0.039
0.040
0.040
0.038
0.028
0.024
LiverIndia
0.034
0030
0033
0.035
0.024
0.022
0.035
0.028
0.032
0.030
0.025
0.024
Japan
0.045
0.044
0.038
0.034
0.027
0.029
0.047
0.043
0.036
0.032
0.027
0.028
Mean
0.039
0.038
0036
0.034
0.025
0.025
0.040
0037
0.036
0.033
0.027
0.025
China
0.021
0.021
0022
0.021
0.016
0.017
0.020
0.022
0.021
0.018
0.018
0.016
LungIndia
0.022
0.015
0.018
0.020,
0.017
0.016
0.022
0.013
0.015
0.018
0.016
0.015
Japan
0.024
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.018
0021
0.024
0.019
0.019
0.017
0.015
0.019
Mean
0.022
0019
0.020
0.020
0.017
0018
0.022
0018
0.018
0.018
0016
0.017
TABLE XVIII. FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASS - PANCREAS, SPLEEN, TESTES AND THYROID
SEX AGE
Male Newborn
iy
5y
lOy
I5y
20-50y
Female Newborn
iy5y
lOy
15y
2O-5Oy
China
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
Pancreas
India
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
Japan
0.0015
0.0025
0.0025
0.0027
00020
0.0024
0.0019
0 0018
0.0027
0.0022
0.0022
0.0024
Mean
0.0015
0.0022
0.0022
0.0026
0.0020
0.0021
0.0016
0.0019
0.0026
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
China
0.0040
0.0050
0.0040
0.0040
0.0030
0.0030
0.0040
00050
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
0.0030
Spleen
India
0.002
0.003
0004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
Japan
0.0035
0.0047
0.0034
0.0033
0.0023
0.0023
0.0033
0.0050
0.0033
00030
0.0024
0.0026
Mean
0.0032
0.0042
0.0038
0.0038
0.0028
0.0028
0.0031
0.0043
0.0038
0.0037
0.0031
0.0029
India
0.0007
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0006
00007
Testes
Japan Mean
0.00045 O.OOO58
0.00026 0.00033
000018 0.00029
0.00015 0 00023
0.00067 0 00064
0.00065 0.00068
China
0.0008
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0002
0.0005
0.0008
0.0003
0.0004
00005
0.0003
0.0004
Thyroid
India
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
00003
0.0003
0.0004
Japan Mean
0.00044 0.00058
0.00028 0.00033
0.00027 0.00032
0.00027 0.00036
0.00032 0.00027
0.00034 0.00041
0.00043 0.00062
0.00029 0.00030
0.00029 0.00035
0.00027 0.00039
0 00033 0.00032
0.00036 0.00038
TABLE XIX. PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASS WITH AGE IN YEARS.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Pattern of change with age
Maximum in newborn, and roughlylinear decrease until adult
Maximum in newborn, andsome increase/decreaseuntil adult
Maximum in newborn, and "exponential" decrease until adult
Decrease in 1-1 Oy, and sharp increase to maximum > 15y
Maximum in ly or 5y, and then decrease until adult
Increase in ly, maximum in lOy, and then someincrease/decreaseIncrease in ly, maximum in 5y, and then some increase/decrease
Organ
BrainLiver (slight increase in adult in Japanese)Kidney (slight increase in adult in Japanese)
HeartLung (some increase in adult)Thyroid (slight increase in adult)
Thymus (shoulder at 5-10y)Pituitary glandAdrenal gland
Testis
Spleen
Pancreas (male)Pancreas (female)
TABLE XX. MALE ADULT FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASSES
Organ
BrainHeartKidneyLiverLungPancreasPituitarySpleenTestisThymusThyroidAdrenal
Estimated
IDN
0.0250.00480.00390.0220.015
--
0.00210.00049
-0.000310.00021
for other countries
PHI
0.0250.00600.00530.0260.019
0.00230-
0.0025--
0.000390.00030
VIE
0.0260.005000.00570.0270.013
0.002420.000010.00320.000720.000190.00069
-
Mean of CPR.
IND and JPN
0.0260.00560.00490.0250.018
0.00210.00001
0.0280.000680.000560.000410.00025
Tanaka Model
calculated
0.0250.00630.00530.0270.020
0.00220.000010.00220.000600.000530.000320.00023
Reference Male
calculated
0.0200.00470.00440.0260.014
0.00140.000010.00260.000500.000290.000290.00020
TABLE XXI. FEMALE ADULT FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASSES
Organ
BrainHeartKidneyLiverLungPancreasPituitarySpleenThymusThyroidAdrenal
Estimated
IDN
0.0250.00440.00390.0230.015
-
0.0021-
0.000360.00020
for other countries
PHI
0.0270.00590.00600.0280.018
0.0021.
0.0025-
0.000610.00051
VIE
0.0270.00490.00590.0280.0130.0024
0.000010.00300.000590.00077
-
Mean of CPR,
IND and JPN
0.0260.00550.00530.0250.017
0.00210.000010.00290.000540.000380.00027
Tanaka Model
calculated
0.0260.00640.00560.0270.0180.00230.000010.00250.000580.000340.00026
Reference Female
calculated
0.0210.00410.00470.0240.01380.0015
0.000010.0026
0.000340.000290.00024
52
1.5
0.5
Female
ICRP Reference Man
1 Brain~ I leatt
KidneyLiver
D LungD PancreasD Pituitary0 Spleenri'Inymus1 ] Thyroid
1.5
0.5
Female
-
L\4:;
Tanaka Model
1 Heart3 Kidney1 LiverU LungO PancreasCl PituitaryJ Spleen11'nymusThyroid
1.5
0.5
Male
ICRP Reference Man
BrainHeartKidneyLiverLungPancreasPituitarySpleenTestisThy m usThyroid
2
0.5
Male
.. 1
1
Tanaka Model
QEtrain\ leartKidneyI iverLungPancreasPituitarySpleenTestisIhymusThyroid
FIG. 19, Ratio of mean fractional organ manses to reference values.
When organ mass data are not available in a particular Asian population, it would be veryuseful to establish scaling algorithms so that the mass of an organ could be estimated from thebody mass using the fractional organ mass data. There are, however, limitations in the use of thefractional masses of organs in attempting to use interpolation or extrapolation of organ masses,specially for an individual adult. In fact, in the Japanese data, correlation between organ mass andthe body weight of individual subjects were shown not to be very high in the adult male andfemale of 20-49 years [16].
Summary
Data for twelve organs for the male and fourteen for the female of six age brackets,especially for 20-50 y, were obtained from one to seven participating countries. They may beregarded as the most comprehensive data for internal dosimetry in the Asian region at this time.
The total means and standard deviations were calculated to show average organ massesand their variations in the region studied in this CRP. The data were also compared with the ICRPReference Man data and the Japanese Tanaka Model for Reference Asian adult male and female.
The results showed fairly equivalent brain and testes weights for Asian and Europeanpopulations. Larger weights than those of the ICRP Reference Man were reported for organs suchas pancreas and thymus, as well as the thyroid in some countries.
Information on a few additional organs (adrenals, prostate, uterus and salivary glands)were collected by one to four participants.
REFERENCES
[ 1 ] Report of Project Formulation Meeting: Co-ordinated Research Programme, Compilation ofAnatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics for a Reference Asian Man, MitoCity, Japan, 17-21 October 1988.
[2] International Commission on Radiological Protection: Report of the Task Group onReference Man, ICRP Publication 23, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1975.
[3] International Commission on Radiological Protection: Annual Limits on Intakes by Workers,ICRP Publication 30, Part 1, Annal. ICRP 2(3/4) (1979).
[4] International Atomic Energy Agency: Working Material, Compilation of Anatomical,Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics for a Reference Asian Man, Research Co-ordination Meeting, Bombay, 8-12 April 1991.
[5] Jixian Wang, and Rusong Chen, Study on the Setting of Reference Chinese Man, ThisReport, Vol. II, pp 19-54.
[6] H.S. Dang, D.D. Jaiswal, M. Parameswaran, S. Krishnamony, Studies of the AnatomicalPhysiological and Metabolic Characteristics of Indian Population for Setting Up a ReferenceMan, This Report, Vol. II, pp 55-86.
[7] National Atomic Energy Agency of Indonesia, Anthropological Characteristics, InternalOrgans Measurements, and Food Consumption of Indonesian People, 1989-1993, ThisReport, Vol. II 87-107.
[8] G. Tanaka and H. Kawamura, Physical and Anatomical Data, and Part of Physiological andMetabolic Data for Normal Japanese with Special Reference to Establishing Reference AsianMan model for the Anatomical Characteristics, This Report, Vol. II, pp. 108-123.
54
[9] Yung Jin Kim, Gook Hyun Chung, Jong Soon Kim and Young Jin Chung, Establishment ofReference Man in Republic of Korea, This Report, Vol. II, pp. 124-136.
[10] Erlinda S. Natera, Grace D. Cuevas, Edwin M. Azanon, Marvie B. Palattao, Raquel T.Espiritu, Marilou C. Cobar, Lorna H. Palad, and Benjamin Torres, Compilation ofAnatomical, Physiological and Dietary Characteristics for a Filipino Reference Man, ThisReport, Vol. II, pp. 152-172.
[11] Nguyen Manh Lien, Compilation of Anatomical, Physiological and MetabolicCharacteristics for a Reference Viet Namese Man, This Report, Vol. II, pp. 173-197.
[12] Tanaka, G.: Reference Japanese Vol. 1, National Institute of Radiogical Sciences, Chiba,Japan, Report NIRS-M-85 (1992).
[13] Tanaka, G.: Anatomical and Physical Characteristics for Asian Reference Man-A Proposal,National Institute of Radiogical Sciences, Chiba, Japan, Report NIRS-M-95 (1993).
[14] Dang, H. S., Private communication (1995).[15] Nguyen Manh Lien, Private communication (1995).[16] Tanaka, G. and Kawamura, H., Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics for Asian
Reference Man-Male and Female of Different Ages: Tanaka Model, National Institute ofRadiogical Sciences, Hitachinaka, Japan, Report NIRS-M-115 (1996).
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