Post on 24-Jan-2018
Tech TalkBIBFRAME Working Group
15 September 2015
Allison Jai O’Dell, Metadata Librarian | AJODELL@ufl.edu | (352) 273-2667 | 404 Library East
Ontologies“In computer science and information science, an ontology is a formal naming and definition of the types, properties, and interrelationships of the entities that really or fundamentally exist for a particular domain of discourse. It is thus a practical application of philosophical ontology, with a taxonomy.” – Wikipedia
Ontology Components
Individuals: instances or objects
Classes: sets, collections, concepts, types of objects, or kinds of things
Attributes: aspects, properties, features, characteristics, or parameters that objects (and classes) can have
Relations: ways in which classes and individuals can be related to one another
Example: RDA Registry http://www.rdaregistry.info/
Ontology Languages“An ontology language is a formal language used to encode the ontology. ”
– Wikipedia
RDF Schema (RDFS)
• Classes• 2.1 rdfs:Resource• 2.2 rdfs:Class• 2.3 rdfs:Literal• 2.4 rdfs:Datatype• 2.5 rdf:langString• 2.6 rdf:HTML• 2.7 rdf:XMLLiteral• 2.8 rdf:Property
• Properties• 3.1 rdfs:range• 3.2 rdfs:domain• 3.3 rdf:type• 3.4 rdfs:subClassOf• 3.5 rdfs:subPropertyOf• 3.6 rdfs:label• 3.7 rdfs:comment
“A set of classes with certain properties using the RDF extensibleknowledge representation data model, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies, otherwise called RDF vocabularies, intended to structure RDF resources.” – Wikipedia
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
Web Ontology Language (OWL)
“The OWL Web Ontology Language is designed for use by applications that need to process the content of information instead of just presenting information to humans. OWL facilitates greater machine interpretability of Web content than that supported by XML, RDF, and RDF Schema (RDF-S) by providing additional vocabulary along with a formal semantics. OWL has three increasingly-expressive sublanguages: OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full.” – W3C, OWL Features
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
Ontology languages are used to write ontologies. Such as:
Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS)
“W3C recommendation designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is part of the Semantic Web family of standards built upon RDF and RDFS, and its main objective is to enable easy publication and use of such vocabularies as linked data.” – Wikipedia
SKOS = the Linked Data ontology for encoding library thesauri
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
SKOS Elements
ConceptsLabels &
NotationDocumentation
Semantic
Relations
Mapping
PropertiesCollections
Concept prefLabel note broader broadMatch Collection
ConceptScheme altLabel changeNote narrower narrowMatch orderedCollection
inScheme hiddenLabel definition related relatedMatch member
hasTopConcept notation editorialNote broaderTransitive closeMatch memberList
topConceptOf example narrowerTransitive exactMatch
historyNote semanticRelation mappingRelation
scopeNote
SKOS applies principles and relationships from library thesaurus design,
and adds extras that become possible in Web and Linked Data environments.