Post on 04-Jan-2016
“Only Thing To Fear”
- America tired of Hoover
-1932 Inauguration Speech
“The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself”
-Public Relations
-Fireside Chats
FDR spoke by radio to America on a regular basis
Calmed their fears
In 1932, the presidential election showed that Americans were clearly ready for a change.
“Only Thing To Fear”
- Lame-duck period
Hoover tried to initiate some of Roosevelt’s plans
met by stubbornness and resistance.
FDR accused of letting the depression worsen so that he could emerge as an even more shining savior.
- 20th Amendment
Lame duck period to 6 weeks (January, not March inauguration )
A Call to Action-Progressive programs
Experiment with solutions
Relief, Recovery, Reform
-Group Effort
Eleanor Roosevelt
More political first lady
Brain Trust
Intellectuals who helped FDR develop policies
Frances Perkins
Secretary of Labor
1st woman to hold cabinet position
-1st 100 Days
March-June 1933
The Roosevelt administration
implemented programs to provide relief to farmers. It
also aided other workers and provided for
stimulating economic recovery. What do you think
the cartoonist means by Roosevelt’s remark
concerning New Deal remedies?
Eleanor Roosevelt
A niece of Teddy Roosevelt and a distant cousin of Franklin, Eleanor lost her parents at an early age and was raised by a
strict grandmother.
As First Lady, she often urged the president to take stands on controversial issues. She became known for speaking out
against economic and social injustice. In presenting a booklet on human rights to the UN in 1958 she said, “Where after all
do human rights begin?... [In] the world of the individual person: the neighborhood…the school…the factory, farm or
office where he works.”
African Americans
-Mary McLeod Bethune
friend of Eleanor Roosevelt
established “Black Cabinet”
Advised President on education
-Concert of Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial
-Roosevelt never fully committed to civil rights
-African Americans came to support the Democratic Party
When the Daughters of the American Revolution chose not to allow Anderson to perform in their
concert hall Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for her to perform at the
Lincoln Memorial
First New Deal
-Deficit spending
Spending money country does not have (Keynesianism)
-Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 – FDR Controls the banks
Bank Holiday closed all banks to prevent withdrawals
Reopened sound banks-those unable to repay debts stayed closed
-Off of the gold standard
controlled inflation
Congress to buy gold at increasingly higher prices (1 oz. = $35 v. $21 oz.)
Alphabet Soup - Banking
-FDIC
Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation
federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $100,000
-SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission
regulate stock market
-Federal Securities Act
Truth in Securities Act
required promoters to give sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds.
Alphabet Soup - Jobs
-PWA
Public Works Administration
Money given to states to create construction jobs
intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief
Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes
projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways
Grand Coulee Dam
- CWA
The Civil Works Administration
provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency. frivolous - “boondoggling”)
-WPA
Works Progress Administration
provided jobs for unskilled workers, built many government buildings
-TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority
flood control
hydroelectricity
-CCC
Civilian Conservation Corp
young men age 18-25
Built roads, parks
Alphabet Soup - Jobs
Alphabet Soup - Labor
-Fair Labor Standards Act
Minimum Wage – 40 cents/hr.
44 hr max/week
ended child labor
-NLRA
National Labor Relations Act/ Wagner Act
monitor unfair management practices such as firing workers who join unions
CIO
Committee for Industrial Organization
Unskilled laborers unions
Formed by - John L. Lewis, the boss of the United Mine Workers
Within the ranks of the AF of L
The CIO later left the AF of L and became Congress of Industrial Organizations
Alphabet Soup - Labor
- NRANational Recovery Administration most complicated of the programsdesigned to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. maximum hours minimum wagesmore rights for labor union members
choose their ownrepresentatives
in bargaining
Alphabet Soup - Labor
- NRA The Philadelphia
Eagles were named after NRA
shot down by the Supreme Court.
Alphabet Soup - Labor
- Dust Bowl
Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma
forced many farmers to migrate west
inspired Steinbeck’s classic The Grapes of Wrath.
The dust was very hazardous to the health and to living, creating further misery.
Resettlement Administration - removed near-farmless farmers to better land.
Alphabet Soup - Agriculture
Alphabet Soup - Agriculture
- AAA Agricultural Adjustment
Act millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages
- Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
suspension of mortgage foreclosure for five years
voided in 1935 by the Supreme Court
- HOLC
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation
refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes
- FHA
Federal Housing Administration
small loans to householders
It was one of the “alphabetical” agencies to outlast the age of Roosevelt.
- USHA
Housing Authority
lend money to states orcommunities for low-cost construction
1st time slum areas stopped growing.
Alphabet Soup - Housing
Alphabet Soup – Seniors
-SSA
Social Security Act
> 65 get retirement income
- Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (the Indian “New Deal”)
John Collier - Commissioner of Indian Affairs
sought to reverse forced-assimilation
encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and traditions
Not all Indians liked it (200 did).
Alphabet Soup – Indians
Not Enough Help
-By 1935 the economy has still not recovered
Depression not over yet
-there is enough relief to keep people from starving
-some people start to demand more action
“Eighteen million Americans are so poor of this world’s goods
that they are on relief”
New Deal Critics-Father Charles Coughlin
heavy taxes on the rich to provide income for all
guaranteed annual income
-Huey Long
“Every man a King”
guaranteed income ($5000), home and college for all
“Share Our Wealth” Plan
Limit income to <$1,000,000
- Dr. Francis E. Townsend
each senior receiving $200 month, provided that all of it would be spent within the month
guaranteed seniors income
“We owe debts in America today, public and private,
amounting to $252 billion. That means that every child is
born with a $2000 debt around his neck… We propose that children shall be born in
a land of opportunity, guaranteed a home, food,
clothes, and other things that make for living, including the
right to education.”-- Huey Long
Court Packing
-Several New Deal programs ruled unconstitutional
AAA, NRA
-Roosevelt proposed adding new justices
-seen as a threat to checks and balances
- Alfred M. Landon
run against FDR
weak on the radio and weaker in personal campaigning
favored parts ofFDR’s New Deal
- Roosevelt won
landslide- 523 electoral votes to Landon’s 8
FDR won primarily because he appealed to the “forgotten man”
1936 Election
End of the New Deal
-”I see 1/3 of a nation ill -housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished”-FDR 1937
-by 1937, some recovery so gov’t pulls back programs and depression returns
-opposition grows to continued gov’t control-not solving the depression
-international affairs begin to take precedence
-New deal has great legacy
WWII Ends the Great Depression
What is this political cartoon saying about the New Deal and
its affect on America?