Post on 07-Dec-2015
description
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SMSSMS--100 Class 26 Thurs., Dec. 4, 2014100 Class 26 Thurs., Dec. 4, 2014
Cetacea:Whales, dolphinsand porpoises
In Big Trouble
In Big Trouble
In Big Big Trouble
In Some Trouble
In Trouble
Recovered
Mycyticetes(Baleen Whales)
Unaffected
Doing OK?
Odontocytes(Toothed Whales)
Whale Breathing:
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Sperm Whale: Blow hole
Atlantic white‐sided dolphin:1
2
4
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Six movie frames, elapsed time = less than 1 second
3 6
1-2 hoursSperm Whale
Fi Wh l10-15 min Fin Whale
Dolphin
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Dive Time (min) SpermWhale*
Dive Depth (m)* See notes
October 26, 2006 Issue of Nature
“Reliable” deep diving record?: The Beaked Whale
Deep Diving Record? The Beaked Whale
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How do they do it? How do they hold their breath so long, and dive so deep?
1. Can exchange 90% of O2 in each breath, vs. only 20% for humans;
2. Have higher Red Blood Cell Count, and more Hemoglobin;g
3. Can slow heart rate during a dive;
4. Reduce blood flow to extremities; redirect it to heart and brain;
5. They don’t get “The Bends”.
3 & 4 = Mammalian Diving Response
Atlantic white‐sided dolphins spot our ship… and join us…
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Echo Location: All toothed whales?
Cetacean Intelligence: & Comparative brain sizes…
Some examples:River Dolphin: 200 gramsSperm Whale: 9000 gramsCommon Dolphin: 2000 gramsHuman Being: 1200 gramsGorilla: 600 gramsChimpanzee: 350 grams
RepresentativeMysticetes
(Baleen Whales)
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Identifying Whales at Sea:
Markings on Northern Right Whale Flukes: Examples
Individual Markings
Baleen Whales: The Rorquals
Ventral Furrows
Baleen Plates
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Fin Whale Stomach Contents: Krill
Humpback Whale: “Bubble feeding”
Bowhead Whale: Baleen Plates
(Pelvis)
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Right Whale: Skim Feeding
Photo ©Mason Weinrich, Whale Center of New England
Whale Migrations: Couple examples
Whales and Whaling: A Long History
Whaling by Europeans, late 1600s; Ludolf Backhuysen, (Dutch, ca. 1631-1708);
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Whales and Whaling: A Long History
Sieuwert "van der" Meulen (Dutch, 1699)
Whales and Whaling: A Long History
Battling a sperm whale; by William Heysman Overend (American,1851-1898).
Decline of the Great Whales off Antarctica,1900 to 1980
(100
0s)
From: Evans (1987)
Popu
latio
n
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1868: Invention of the Harpoon Gun
1925: The “Modern” Factory Ships…
Sperm Whale:Growth Curve
Male
Female
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Member nations of the International Whaling Commission(fi t f d i 1946)
Argentina Hungary Panama Antigua Guinea NicaraguaAustralia India Portugal Benin Iceland NorwayAustria Ireland San Marino Cameroon Japan PalauBelgium Italy Slovakia China Kiribati RussiaBrazil Luxembourg South Africa Cote d'Ivoire Korea SenegalChile Mexico Spain Denmark Mali Solomon IslandsCzech Rep Monaco Sweden Dominica Mauritania St. Kitts and NevisFinland Netherlands Switzerland Gabon Mongolia St. LuciaFrance New Zealand United Kingdom Gambia Morocco St. Vincent and the GrenadinesGermany Oman United States Grenada Nauru Suriname
Togo Tuvalu
Anti‐Whaling Nations Pro‐Whaling Nations
(first formed in 1946)
As of 2008
Whale Harvest Antarctic: 1900 to 1980
of W
hale
s
Source: "International Whaling Statistics" http://www.env.go.jp/en/wpaper/1995/eae240000000040.html
No.
o
Whale Harvest for All Oceans: 1900 to 1980
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Whaling in Japan today…Whaling in Japan today…
Faroes (Denmark) & White-sided
Dolphins
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
“Small-whales”
Norway: Landings of GreatWhales and “Small whales” (Minke)
01970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Statistics-Norway (http://www.ssb.no/english/)
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Take of Great Whales in 2009: As reported by the IWC, June 2010
Fin
Humpb
ack
Sei
Bryd
e's
Minke
Sperm
Bowhe
ad
Gray Operation
North AtlanticDenmark (West Greenland) 10 164 Aboriginal subsistence (East Greenland) 4 Aboriginal subsistenceIceland 125 81 Whaling under reservationNorway 484 Whaling under objectiony g jSt. Vincent & the 1 Aboriginal subsistence Grenadines
North PacificJapan 101 50 165 1 Special PermitKorea 16Russia 116 Aboriginal subsistenceUSA 38 Aboriginal subsistence
AntarcticJapan 1 507 Special Permit
New Species of Great Whale Discovered…in 2003!
The Vaquita (Gulf of California Porpoise)One of the two most endangered cetacean species in the world today:
Only 245 left (as of 2011); taken accidentally in gill net fishery
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The Chinese River Dolphin(Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin)
Incidental takes in gill nets and trawls
Believed Extinct in 2007, but one spotted later that year…
The North Atlantic Right Whale: Eubalaena glacialis
a.k.a. the Northern Right Whale
There are three species of Right Whales:
• North Atlantic Right Whale: Eubalaena glacialis• North Pacific Right Whale: Eubalaena japonicas• Southern Right Whale: Eubalaena australis
Eastern Atlantic population now thought to be
The Northern Right Whale: Historical Distribution
thought to be extinct…
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Sightings in 1997
Critical Habitats
Northern Right Whale: Habitats
Kraus and Rolland 2007
Northern Right Whale: Historical “Take”
Northern Right Whale: Births and Deaths
Births
“Reported”Deaths
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The two major sources of human-induced fatalities:• vessel strikes & entanglement in fixed fishing gear.
Between 1970 and 2006: 73 known fatalities documented. Of th
Northern Right Whale:
Of these:• 8 caused by entanglement;• 27 were due to vessel strikes;• 21 were of undetermined causes;• 17 fatalities were of calves, cause unknown
In addition, from 1986 to 2005: • 61 confirmed reports of entanglements, including the 8 above
9 75% of all right whales have scars from entanglements or vessel strikes, and scarring rates are believed to have increased in last 20 yrs.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2007. Recovery potential assessment for right whale (Western North Atlantic population). Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Science Advisory Report 2007/027.
Canadians moved their
shipping lanes in 2003:
U.S. still considering moving the Boston shipping lanes:
Calanus
The Northern Right Whale: Its favorite Food:
Calanuscopepods
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Entangled Right Whale reported in Sept 1999;reported in Sept. 1999;
Satellite tag attached;
Attempts to free it were unsuccessful;
Story ends in October, on a beach in New Jersey.
The Fin Whale
The Humpback Whale