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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
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Computer Hardware
History of computers
Types of computer systems
Hardware components and functions
Computer peripherals
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
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Learning Objectives
1. Understand the history and evolution ofcomputer hardware.
2. Identify the major types and uses of
microcomputer, midrange and mainframecomputer systems.
3. Outline the major technologies and uses ofcomputer peripherals for input, output, and
storage.4. Identify and give example of the components
and functions of a computer system.
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Learning Objectives
5. Identify the computer systems andperipherals you would acquire or recommendfor a business of your choice, and explain the
reasons for your selections.
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Case Study Questions
1. What are some of the benefits that organizationscould realize by connecting all of their employeesby mobile devices?
2. Are the CIOs in the case saying that ROI is notimportant when deploying mobile computingdevices? Explain your position.
3. The case suggests that an increasingly popularmobile device is the BlackBerry. What is it aboutthe BlackBerry that makes it so popular? Checkout the Research in Motion website atwww.rim.net to help with your answer.
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Real World Internet Activity
1. The BlackBerry mobile device, while extremelypopular, is but one of several devices availablefor mobile communications and messaging.Using the Internet See if you can find out who the major competitors
are
What strategies they are using to advance theirproducts into the marketplace? Is it features, price,
brand, or something else? Is BlackBerry really the leader?
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Real World Group Activity
2. One user of wireless, mobile technologiesdescribed in the case is the MassachusettsState Police. Their ability to quickly gain
information about suspicious persons isintended to thwart terrorism. In smallgroups, Can you think of other ways that law enforcement
could use such technologies to fight crime andincrease public safety?
What are some of the potential problems that mayarise with these practices?
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Calculating pre-computer
Counting on fingers and toes
Abacus: manipulating stones or beads to countThe word calculate comes from calculus, the Latin
word for small stoneFirst mechanical adding machineInvented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
Wheels to move counters
Machines in the age of industrializationMechanical loom with cards punched with holes
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Early computing
Charles Babbage and the Analytical Engine19th century
Machine that calculated, stored values in
memory and perform logical comparisonsMechanical rather than electronics
Herman Hollerith and the 1890 censusPunched cards to record census data
Cards read in a tabulating machine
Holleriths company went onto become IBM
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Electronic computers
ENIAC first electronic and digital computer1946
Programmable
5000 calculations per secondUsed vacuum tubes
First generation computer
Drawbacks: size and could only do one programat a time
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Next wave of computing
Second generation, late 1950sTransistors replace the vacuum tubes
200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second
Third generation, mid 1960sIntegrated circuitry, miniaturization
Fourth generation, 1971Further miniaturization of circuits
Multiprogramming and virtual storageFifth generation, 1980sMillions of calculations per second
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Microcomputers
1975, ALTAIR, flicking switches
1977, Commodore and Radio Shack producepersonal computers
1979, Apple computer, the fastest selling PCso far
1982, IBM introduces the PC which changesthe market
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Computer System Categories
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Microcomputer Systems
Personal Computer (PC) microcomputer foruse by an individual
Desktop fit on an office deskLaptop small, portable PC
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Recommended features for PC
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Microcomputer Systems
Workstation a powerful, networked PC forbusiness professionals
Network Server more powerful
microcomputers that coordinatetelecommunications and resource sharing insmall networks
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How corporate buyers choose PCs
Solid performance at a reasonable price
Operating system ready
Connectivity reliable network interface or
wireless capability
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Terminals
Devices that allow access to a network
Dumb terminals keyboard and video monitorwith limited processing
Intelligent terminals modified networked PCsor network computers
Network terminals or computersWindows terminals depend on network servers
for software, processing and storage
Internet terminals depend to the Internet orIntranet for operating systems and software
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Information Appliances
Hand-held microcomputer devices
Personal digital assistants (PDA)BlackBerry
Video-game consolesInternet enabled cellular phones
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Midrange systems
High-end network servers
Minicomputers for scientific research andindustrial process monitoring
Less costly to buy, operate and maintain thanmainframe
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Mainframe Computer Systems
Large, fast powerful computer systems
Large primary storage capacity
High transaction processing
Complex computations
Can be used as superservers for large
companies
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Supercomputer Systems
Extremely powerful systemsScientific, engineering and business
applications at extremely high speeds
Global weather forecasting, military defenseParallel processing with thousands ofmicroprocessorsBillions of operations per second
Millions of dollars
Minisupercomputers costing hundreds ofthousands of dollars
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Computer hardware functions
InputKeyboards, mice, optical scannersConvert data into electronic form
ProcessingCentral Processing Unit (CPU)Arithmetic-logic unit performs the arithmetic
functionsControl unit
OutputVideo display units, printers, etc.Convert electronic information into human-
intelligible form
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Computer hardware functions
StoragePrimary Storage Unit or memory
Secondary Storage
Magnetic disks and Optical disksControlControl unit of the CPU
Controls the other components of the computer
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Computer Processing Speeds
Millisecond thousandth of a second
Microsecond millionth of a second
Nanosecond billionth of a second
Picosecond trillionth of a second
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Computer Processing Speeds
MIPS million instructions per second
Teraflops trillions of floating point operationsper second (Supercomputer)
Clock speed of the computer:Megahertz (MHz) millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz) billions of cycles per second
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Moores Law
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Case 2: The business value ofcustomer self-service kiosks
Self-service kiosks at airportsNorthwest Airlines say that more than half of
eligible customers choose self-service check-in
Delta says that kiosks shave 5 to 15 minutes offthe time that customers stand in line
Cost savings are massive: Vancouver Airportwould need 145 additional check-in counterswithout the kiosks
Networked special-purpose microcomputerterminals
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Technology of self-service kiosks
Networked special-purpose microcomputerterminalsVideo touch screens
Built-in thermal printersMagnetic-stripe card reader
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Case Study Questions
1. What computer system technologies andfunctions are included in self-service kiosk? What other technologies should be provided? Why? Visit the Kinetics USA website for more details.
1. What is the customer value of self-servicekiosks for airline check-ins? What other services should be provided? Take the demo tour of the Delta check-in kiosk
at www.delta.com/travel/trav_serv/kiosk to helpyou answer.
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Case Study Questions
3. What is the business value of self-servicekiosks in the airline industry? Do self-service kiosks give airlines a
competitive advantage?
Why or why not?
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Real World Internet Activity
1. Self-service kiosks are certainly helping theairline industry. Using the Internet See if you can find other industries that are
benefiting from the use of kiosks.
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Real World Group Activity
2. Given the plans to deploy kiosks into areassuch as parking lots and hotel lobbies, whatdo you see as the next step in kiosk use? Insmall groups, Discuss the future of self-service kiosks.
Do you think there are downsides to their use?
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Peripherals
Peripheral is generic name for all input, output, andsecondary storage devices that are part of thecomputer system but are not part of the CPU
Online devices
Separate from CPUBut electronically connected to and controlled by CPU
Offline devices
Separate from and not under control of the CPU
Peripherals are online devices
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Peripheral Checklist
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Input technologies
Keyboard: most widely-used
Graphical user interface (GUI)Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars
Used for selection
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Pointing Devices
Electronic Mouse
Trackball Stationary device like a mouse Roller ball used to move cursor on screen.
Pointing Stick Small eraser head-like devicein keypadMoves cursor in direction of pressure placed on
stick.
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Pointing Devices
Touchpad Small rectangular touch-sensitivesurfaceMoves the cursor in the direction of finger moves
on the pad
Touch Screen use computer by touchingscreenVideo display screen that emits a grid of infrared
beams, sound waves, or a slight electric currentGrid is broken when the screen is touched.
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Pen-based Computing
Used in Tablet PCs and PDAs
Pressure-sensitive layer like touch screenunder liquid crystal display screen
Have software that digitizes handwriting, handprinting, and hand drawing
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Speech Recognition Systems
Discrete: pause between each wordContinuous: conversationally-paced speech
System compares your speech patterns tolibrary of sound patternsTraining: to recognize your voice patterns
Speaker independent system: understand voice
never heard beforeUsed in voice-messaging computers
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Optical Scanning
Read text or graphics and convert them intodigital input
Desktop or flatbed scanners
Optical Character Recognition (OCR):Read characters and codes
Used to read merchandise tags, sort mail, scoretests
Optical scanning wandsRead bar codes such as the Universal Product
Code (UPC)
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Other Input Technologies
Magnetic stripeRead magnetic stripe on credit cards
Smart cards
Microprocessor chip and memory on credit cardUsed more often in Europe than in US
Digital cameras
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)Identification numbers of bank and account
printed in magnetic ink on bottom of check
h l i
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Output Technologies
Video displaysCathode ray tube (CRT) like a televisionMost desktop PC screens
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Laptop and PDAs, some PCsPrinted OutputInkjet printerSpray ink on page
Laser printerElectrostatic process like photocopying machine
Voice response systems
S d ff
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Storage tradeoffs
C S d l
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Computer Storage Fundamentals
Binary representationData are processed and stored in computer
system through the presence or absence ofsignals
Either ON or OFF
ON = number 1
OFF = number 0
Bit d B t
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Bit and Byte
Bit (short for binary digit)Smallest element of data
Either zero or one
ByteGroup of eight bits which operate as a single unit
Represents one character or number
R ti h t i b t
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Representing characters in bytes
Computers use binary system to
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Computers use binary system tocalculate
M i t iti
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Measuring storage capacities
Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytesMegabyte (MB): one million bytes
Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes
Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytesPetabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes
Direct and Sequential Access
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Direct and Sequential Access
Direct Access or Random AccessDirectly store and retrieve data
Each storage position has unique address and can beaccessed in same length of time
Semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disksSequential AccessData is stored and retrieved in a sequential process
Must be accessed in sequence by searching through
prior dataMagnetic tape
Direct and sequential access
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Direct and sequential access
Semiconductor memory
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Semiconductor memory
Microelectronic semiconductor memory chipsUsed for primary storage
Advantage:
Small sizeFast
Shock and temperature resistance
Disadvantage:Volatility: must have uninterrupted electric
power or lose memory
Two types of semiconductor
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ypmemory
RAM: random access memoryMost widely used primary storage medium
Volatile memory
Read/write memoryROM: read only memoryPermanent storage
Can be read but cannot be overwritten
Frequently used programs burnt into chipsduring manufacturing
Called firmware
Flash drive
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Flash drive
New type of permanentstorage
Uses semiconductormemory
Small chip with thousandsof transistors
Easily transported
Also called jump drives,USB flash drives
Source: Courtesy of Lexar Media.
Magnetic Disks
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Magnetic Disks
Used for secondary storageFast access and high storage capacity
Source: Quantum. Source: Corbis.
Types of magnetic disks
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Types of magnetic disks
Floppy disksMagnetic disk inside a plastic jacket
Hard disk drives
Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/writeheads in sealed module
RAID (Redundant arrays of independent disks)Disk arrays of interconnected hard disk drives
Fault tolerant with multiple copies on severaldisks
Magnetic Tape
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Magnetic Tape
Secondary storageTape reels and cartridges
Used in robotic automated drive assemblies
Archival storage and backup storage
Optical Disks
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Optical Disks
Uses of optical disks
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Uses of optical disks
Image processingLong term storage of historical files of images
Scan documents and store on optical disks
Publishing medium for fast access to referencematerialsCatalogs, directories, etc.
Interactive multimedia applications
Video games, educational videos, etc.
Radio Frequency Identification
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Radio Frequency Identification
RFIDTag and identify mobile objectsE.g., store merchandise, postal packages, pets
Use RFID chips to transmit and receive radiosignals
Chips half the size of a grain of sand
Passive chips:
do not have power source and derive power fromsignal in reader
Active chips:Self-powered
RFID versus bar codes
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RFID versus bar codes
RFIDScan from greater distance
Can store data
Allows more information to be tracked
Privacy concerns due to invisible nature
Case 3: Advances in SpeechR i i S f
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Recognition Software
Computerized speech has become smarter,easier to use and more integrated with otherapplications
Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
Early IVR systems are menu-driven
Advanced are more conversationalConnected to other systems
Case Study Questions
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Case Study Questions
1. What are the business benefits andlimitations of IVR at Verizon and others? Howcould their use of IVR be improved?
2. What types of business situations wouldbenefit most from IVR technology? Whichones would benefit least?
3. Given the advancements in voice recognition
software over the last 20 years, what typesof new applications for IVR do you see in thenext 20 years? Give examples.
Real World Internet Activity
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Real World Internet Activity
1. IVR is advancing rapidly in terms of its abilityto simulate natural language conversationsand accept common phrases. Using theInternet Research the state of the art in speech
recognition.
One good place to start is www.scansoft.com.
Real World Group Activity
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Real World Group Activity
2. Simply simulating natural conversations isbut one capability of speech softwareapplications. Text-to-speech, voiceverification, and speech-to-text are a few
others. In small groups, Brainstorm how speech recognition systems can be
used in innovative and useful ways.
Do you think we will eventually eliminate the need
for humans in common telephone interactions? Is this good or bad?