Post on 02-Jan-2016
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NYDIS Training CurriculumOperations Module 2
Trajectory of Interventions
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Objectives (1)
In this module you will:
Review the disaster continuum and identify its separate phase
Categorize and group the emotional phases of disaster with the disaster phases
Identify appropriate interventions for each emotional phase
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Objectives (2) Apply PCAID in all the emotional
phases within the disaster continuum
Lead an intervention that builds on hope based on prior experience in coping with in adversity
Work together with others as a team to provide appropriate interventions in each stage of the disaster continuum.
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First Objective: Review
What are the phases of a disaster?Pre-Disaster/Warning
PreparationMitigation
Impact/RescueShort-Term Recovery
AftermathRelief
Long-Term Recovery/Reconstruction
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Second Objective: Emotional Phases
What are the emotional phases of a disaster?
Fight/Flight/Freeze Fear/Shock/Relief Heroic/Honeymoon Disillusionment Working though grief Trigger Events/Anniversaries Acceptance/Adjustment
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Effect of Disasters on Individuals and Communities: Review
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Third Objective: Appropriate InterventionsWhat interventions would you do? The remaining members of the
class divide up to create equal numbers at each easel and then each add an intervention for the emotional phase associated with the disaster phase written at their easel.
Consultation with members of your team is encouraged!
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Mini-Review The purpose of Emotional and
Spiritual Care is to help those affected draw upon their own emotional and spiritual resources in the midst of their pain.
Our goal is not necessarily to take away their grief, but to help them work through their grief.
Disaster Spiritual Care, Roberts & Ashley, Eds., p. xvii
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Photograph: Missing Persons 2 by Keith Tyler
Facing view of missing-person flyers outside NYU’s Greenberg Hall, one of many impromptu displays throughout Manhattan, September 18, 2001.
Impact/Rescue: World Trade Center Missing, September 18, 2001
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Survivors’ Immediate Needs Stabilization Reassurance Safety Presence
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Immediate Response/Impact Interventions
Remember Bambi’s mother!!!
Meet immediate needs for Stabilization Reassurance Safety Presence
PCAID
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Families’ Immediate Needs Hard information Ongoing communication from
the disaster site about what’s going on
The sense that they are not excluded
Non-anxious presence to be with them
Safety
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Note During times of high stress and
crisis, memories and emotions are not processed and stored in the normal way.
The lower brain doesn’t know the crisis is over.
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Human Reactions to TraumaStress reactions can be: physical emotional spiritual cognitive interpersonal
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Short-Term Recovery:Is immediate and overlaps with
response, including: providing essential public health and
safety services restoring interrupted utility and
other essential services reestablishing transportation routes providing food and shelter for those
displaced by the incident. Although called “short-term,” some of
these activities may last for weeks.
National Response Framework (NRF), US Department of Homeland Security,
January, 2008, p. 45.
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Short-term recovery?
Photo courtesy of FDNY Photo Unit
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Recovery Programs
Recovery from an incident is unique to each community, and depends on the amount and kind of damage caused by the incident and the resources that the jurisdiction has ready or can quickly obtain.
NRF, p.45-46
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RecoveryRecovery programs are needed to: Identify needs and resources Provide accessible housing and
promote restoration Address care and treatment of
affected persons Inform residents and prevent
unrealistic expectations Implement additional measures for
community restoration Incorporate mitigation measures and
techniques, as feasible NRF, p.45-46
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Short-Term Recovery Is generally when the greatest mental health,
spiritual help and pastoral counseling needs emerge.
Photo courtesy of the FDNY Photo Unit
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Short-Term Recovery: Emotional ResponseDisillusionment: This phase generally begins as survivors and the community begin to understand that recovery is a long process rather than an event.
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Other Emotions Common to the Short-Term Recovery Phase: Anger Helplessness Sense of futility Loss of hope
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Spiritual Issues: How to Respond to Victims/Survivors Offer security Listen Be quiet Support Stay theologically neutral Serve Avoid “fixing” things Pray for them WITH THEIR PERMISSION AND
ONLY FOR WHAT THEY ASK FOR Focus on their needs and not your own.
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What Survivors Want to Say to Clergy
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Chaplains’ Role in Disasters – (Short-Term) Recovery Phase In the recovery phase, the ESC
caregiver may move into a counseling role to help individuals recover for the longer term.
In this phase, the ESC caregiver may become more involved in helping the survivor: search for meaning in the face of their suffering understand their crisis-in-faith issues become able to forgive and hope again.
The Salvation Army, p. 36
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Katrina satellite image through the courtesy of the National Weather Service, Southern Region Headquarters, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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Collective Impact of Trauma/DisasterCollective trauma is defined as: A blow to the basic tissues of
social life that damages the bonds attaching people together and impairs the prevailing sense of community.
(Myers, 2003) in Salvation Army, p. 17.
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Transition to Long-Term Recovery :
The community may feel abandoned.
The future may seem hopeless.
This is an important time for spiritual care.
Photo courtesy of FDNY Photo Unit
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Long-Term Recovery …may involve some of the same
actions [as short-term recovery] but may continue for a number of months or years, depending on the severity and extent of the damage sustained.
For example, long-term recovery may include the complete redevelopment of damaged areas.
Additional information on long-term recovery can be found in the ESF #14 Annex at the NRF Resource Center, http://www.fema.gov/NRF
National Response Framework, US Department of Homeland Security, January, 2008, p. 45.
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Emotions Common to Long-Term Recovery
Abandonment Exhaustion Confusion Despair
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Long-Term Recovery Interventions PCAID Focus on transforming feelings Community Spiritual Assessment Spiritual care interventions to kindle
hope Attention to emotional and spiritual
issues around anniversaries Organized community services of
memorial and remembrance Retreat opportunities for caregivers
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Community Spiritual Assessment Its purpose is simply to identify
spiritual needs for which the community may not have ready assets.
It identifies these needs in a concrete way that can be articulated while designing the Long-Term Recovery Plan.
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Exercise In your teams, take five minutes to
familiarize yourselves with the outline and contents of the NVOAD Community Spiritual Assessment, Attachment E.
Think about and discuss when and how you would perform this intervention in your community.
Share two of your team’s insights about the Assessment with the larger class.
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Pre-Planning for the Next Disaster What is the most likely disaster that
would happen to your community? How would you prepare your worshiping
community for this disaster? How would you help the larger
community prepare? What is the biggest obstacle preventing
your worshiping community from being prepared for a disaster?
How can you overcome it?
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Disaster Response-AbilityIs my worshiping community safe?
If yes, then,
Given my responsibilities to them, to my own household, and my current emotional status, am I able to respond to this disaster as a chaplain?
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Reflection
Is there a constant in all these phases, emotions, and interventions?
What are you feeling?
What are you thinking?
What here is most helpful to you?
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Constants PCAID: Useful in all phases.
The material being assessed and the interventions will be different in each emotional and chronological phase, but the PCAID intervention is the constant framework.
Hope
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Hope Seems to be a
capacity to hold – in a present time of struggle – a sense of wholeness and strength that rests in a transcendent force. Photo courtesy of FDNY Photo Unit
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The Importance of Hope Hope is the central capacity that
contributes toward personal and communal resiliency.
The loss of hope is despair.
Hope enables individuals, families, and communities to endure great hardship with courage.
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The Maintenance of Hope Hope is a central priority for
spiritual care providers. Some of the most powerful
interventions performed by spiritual care providers are interventions that specifically stimulate a sense and experience of hope in individuals and communities.
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Fifth Objective: Hope and AdversityShare concrete examples of what got
you through periods of difficulty in your life in one of the following areas: Personal – your own life history Family – the broader history of
your parents, grandparents, and ancestors
Cultural – the experience of your nation, ethnicity, and culture
Spiritual – the history of your faith group or spiritual perspective
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Objectives Review (1):
Break down the disaster continuum and identify its separate phases
Categorize and group the emotional phases of disaster with the disaster phases
Learn the nature of appropriate interventions for each emotional phase
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Objectives Review (2):
Apply PCAID in all the emotional phases within the disaster continuum
Lead an intervention that builds on hope that is based on prior experience in coping with in adversity
Work together with others as a team to provide appropriate interventions in each stage of the disaster continuum.
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15 Minute Break