Nucleic Acids and Nucleic Acids and Protein SynthesisProtein SynthesisCell Growth and Cell Growth and DivisionDivisionHeredityHeredityGenetic Genetic EngineeringEngineering

GeneticsGenetics

Nucleic Acids and Nucleic Acids and Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

DNADNA

Nucleic acid that stores Nucleic acid that stores and transmits the and transmits the genetic information genetic information from one generation of from one generation of an organism to the an organism to the next.next.

Nucleic Acid: large, Nucleic Acid: large, complex organic complex organic molecule that stores molecule that stores genetic information in genetic information in nucleotidesnucleotides

NucleotidesNucleotides

5 Carbon sugar, 5 Carbon sugar, deoxyribosedeoxyribose

Phosphate groupPhosphate groupNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base

4 Nitrogenous bases4 Nitrogenous bases2 Purines2 Purines

–AdenineAdenine–GuanineGuanine

2 Pyrimidines2 Pyrimidines–ThymineThymine–CytosineCytosine

ReplicationReplication

1.1. DNA DNA molecule is molecule is unzippedunzipped

2.2. 2 separate 2 separate strands are strands are availableavailable

3.3. The separated strands The separated strands serve as a mold, for a serve as a mold, for a new strandnew strand

4.4. Complementary Complementary nucleotides attach to nucleotides attach to the moldthe mold

Adenine and Thymine Adenine and Thymine are complimentaryare complimentary

Guanine and Cytosine Guanine and Cytosine are complimentaryare complimentary

RNARNA

Sugar: riboseSugar: riboseSingle strandedSingle strandedUracil in place of Uracil in place of ThymineThymine

TranscriptionTranscription

The DNA code is first The DNA code is first transferred into transferred into mRNAmRNA–mRNA is the first copy mRNA is the first copy made of the moldmade of the mold

mRNA carries the mRNA carries the information out of the information out of the nucleus and into the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

mRNA attaches to the mRNA attaches to the ribosomesribosomes

tRNA collect amino tRNA collect amino acids and carry them acids and carry them to the mRNAto the mRNA

TranslationTranslation

The anticodons of tRNA The anticodons of tRNA attach to the attach to the appropriate codons of appropriate codons of mRNA.mRNA.

The amino acids are The amino acids are forming new specific forming new specific proteinsproteins

The new proteins are The new proteins are now organized to now organized to provide new strands provide new strands of DNAof DNA

EXACT COPIES!EXACT COPIES!

Example Example ATGATGTACTACACTACT

–UGAUGA–ACTACT

CTACTAGATGATTGATGA

–ACUACU–TGATGA

PracticePractice

AGTAGTTCATCAATGATGGTAGTA

CTGCTGGATGATCGTCGTACGACG

QUIZQUIZ

Complimentary DNAComplimentary DNA

1.1. AGTAGT

2.2. CTGCTG

3.3. ACTACT

4.4. TGATGA

Complimentary RNA and Complimentary RNA and DNA?DNA?

1.1. AGTAGT

2.2. CTACTA

3.3. GATGAT

4.4. CGTCGT

1.1. TCATCA

2.2. GACGAC

3.3. TGATGA

4.4. ACTACT

AnswersAnswers

1.1. UCA UCA AGT AGT

2.2. GAU GAU CTA CTA

3.3. CUA CUA GAT GAT

4.4. GCA GCA CGT CGT

AnswersAnswers

LABLAB

1 G A C A A G T C C A C A A T C2 C U G U U C A G G U G U U A G

3.3. leucine-phenylalanine- leucine-phenylalanine-arginine-cysteine-stoparginine-cysteine-stop

4.4. aspartic acid-cysteine- aspartic acid-cysteine-glycine-leucine-valineglycine-leucine-valine

Extra practice:Extra practice:C T G A C C G G A T T AC T G A C C G G A T T AG A CG A C U G G U G G C C UC C U A A U A A UAspartic Acid-Aspartic Acid-Tryptophan- Proline- Tryptophan- Proline- AsparagineAsparagine

STOP- Serine- Glycine- STOP- Serine- Glycine- Glutamine Glutamine