Ntroduction to computer architecture and organization

An Introduction to Computer Architecture

and Organization

Asmara Alias

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• To describe the meaning of computer system.

• To describe the structure and functions of computer.

• To classify the computer• To state the evolution and history of

computer development

Computer Architecture and Organization 2

3Computer Architecture and Organization

A Computer....

• takes input• processes it according to stored instructions• produces results as output

A Computer....

The word computer was taken from the Latin – Computare – which means ‘calculate’

Computer is a machine that only can execute instructions that given by the user and operate the data base on the related instruction. The computer will process the data to produce information.

Types of Computer

Data vs Information

Data is a raw fact. There are 5 types of data:

1.Text : alphabetic, numeric, special symbol2.Graphics : picture3.Audio: any kind of sound4.Video: a series of photograph frame which record the real5.Animation: A series of image which is displayed one by one to produce a movement illusion

Information – data that has been processed and contains meaning.

Structure

Function

Is the way how each component/unit of computer communicates to each other.

Refers to the operation of each component which include in a structure.

Computer Structure

COMPUTER- Storage- Processing

Computer Architecture and Organization

Communication LinesPeripherals

The Computer

The Main Structure

Computer

Main Memory

InputOutput

SystemsInterconnection

CentralProcessing

To process data and control the computer operations.

Main Memory

To keep data during process

The Main Structure

SystemsInterconnection

The mechanism which is use to communicate between CPU, main memory and I/O.

InputOutput

To move data and information between computer and external environment

ca 2000You can see why they called this CPU a microprocessor!

ca 1980It took 10 of these boards to

make a Central Processing Unit

CPU : The Heart of Computing System

Computer

Main Memory

I/OSystem

Intercon-nection

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Registers

Control Unit

ALUInternal CPU

Interconn.

Structural Component of CPU

Registers: Provide storage internal to the CPU

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s data processing functions

Control Unit: Control the operations of the CPU

CPU Interconnections: provide mechanism for communication among CU, ALU and registers

Computer Functions

Four (4) main functions:

• Data processing• Data storage• Data Movement• Control

A Fundamental View of Computer Functions

Data movement apparatus

Control mechanism

Data storage facility

Data processing

facility

Source and destination of data

Data Processing

DataMovementApparatus

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

DataProcessingFacility

Example : Print bank statement

Data Storage

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

Data Movement

Example : Keyboard to Monitor

COMPUTER SYSTEM?

Computer System

Basically it is divided into :

1. Computer Architecture

2. Computer Organization

Computer Architecture

The computer attribute which can be recognized by programmer. This attribute has a direct effect to the program execution such as instruction set, data representation, addressing and I/O.

Example : Intel x86 share same architecture

Computer Organization

The connection of the sources of computer hardware.

Including the integration between systems.

The communication flow control between the physical component.

Note: Each computer version have different organization

Computer ClassificationBased on:

• CPU speed• The number of register inside the CPU• The word size• Main memory size (RAM)• Complexity of the Operating System• Physical size• Cost • Cyber Memory Space• Secondary memory size• The multiple-programming degree

Computer Classification

1. Microcomputer System2. Minicomputer System3. Mainframe System4. Supercomputer System

Microcomputer System

• Introduced on 1970• Based on microprocessor technology

Minicomputer System

• Able to execute arithmetic function and basic

logic and supports the number of programming

language for enormous computer.• The size is smaller than a main frame. • Suitable for the processing task which doesn’t

need the huge date access.

Mainframe System

• Bigger then minicomputer.• The processing capability is higher than minicomputer.• Very suitable to operate the gigantic database which needs a central management. • Always used by big company and government. Example. : KWSP & bank.

The IBM 7094, a typical mainframe computer [photo courtesy of IBM]

Supercomputer System

• The highest processing capability.• Able to execute million of instructions per second (MIPS). • Suitable for huge calculation which includes the big value and needs efficiency.

Example: Aerospace & nuclear

Two Pillars of Computing

1. Universal Computing Devices• Given enough time and memory, all

computers are capable of computing exactly the same things (irrespective of speed, size or cost).

• Turing’s Thesis: every computation can be performed by some “Turing Machine”.

Big Ideas #1 : Universal Computing Devices

= =PDA

WorkstationSupercomputer

Turing Machine

is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. Despite its simplicity, a Turing machine can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm, and is particularly useful in explaining the functions of a CPU inside a computer.

Read more : http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/cousined/lego/5-machines/turing/turing.html

From Theory to Practice

• In theory, computer can compute anything that’s possible to compute - given enough memory and time

• In practice, solving problems involves computing under constraints.

Time - weather forecast, next frame of animation, ... Cost - cell phone, automotive engine controller, ...Power - cell phone, handheld video game, ...

Two Pillars of Computing (Cont’)

2. Problem Transformation

• The ultimate objective is to transform a problem expressed in natural language into electrons running around a circuit!

• That’s what Computer Science and Computer Engineering are all about: a continuum that embraces software & hardware.

Big Ideas #2 : Problem Transformation

Problems

Language

Instruction Set Architecture

Microarchitecture

Circuits

Devices

Algorithms

Problem Transformation - levels of abstraction

Natural Language

Algorithm

Program

Machine Architecture

Devices

Micro-architecture

Logic Circuits

The desired behavior:the application

The building blocks: electronic devices

36Computer Architecture and Organization

How do we solve a problem using a computer?A systematic sequence of transformations between layers of abstraction.

ProblemProblem

AlgorithmAlgorithm

ProgramProgram

Software Design:choose algorithms and data structures

Programming:use language to express design

Instr SetArchitecture

Compiling/Interpreting:convert language to machine instructions

Deeper and Deeper…

Instr SetArchitecture

MicroarchMicroarch

CircuitsCircuits

Processor Design:choose structures to implement ISA (Instruction Set Architecture)

Logic/Circuit Design:gates and low-level circuits toimplement components

DevicesDevices

Process Engineering & Fabrication:develop and manufacture lowest-level components

Descriptions of Each Level• Problem Statement

– stated using "natural language"– may be ambiguous, imprecise

• Algorithm– step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish– definiteness, effective computability, finiteness

• Program– express the algorithm using a computer language– high-level language, low-level language

• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) (Machine Level 1)– specifies the set of instructions the computer can perform– data types, addressing mode

Descriptions of Each Level (cont.)• Micro architecture (Machine Level 1)

– detailed organization of a processor implementation– different implementations of a single ISA

• Logic Circuits (Machine Level 2)– combine basic operations to realize micro

architecture– many different ways to implement a single function

(e.g., addition)• Devices (Machine Level 2)

– properties of materials, manufacturability

Many Choices at Each LevelSolve a system of equations

Gaussian elimination

JacobiiterationRed-black SOR Multigrid

FORTRAN C C++ Java

Intel x86PowerPC Atmel AVR

Centrino Pentium 4 Xeon

Ripple-carry adder Carry-lookahead adder

CMOS Bipolar GaAs

Tradeoffs:costperformancepower(etc.)

The Program Level–Most computers run a management

program called the operating system (OS).

–Application programs interface to the machine architecture via the OS.

An example:

Application Program

Operating System

Program (Software)

This lecture

PowerPoint

Windows XP

Application Program

Operating System

The History & Evolution Of Computer

Basically, the history of computer development is divided into 2 parts : before 1940 & after 1940.

• A long time ago, human are using their fingers, stones etc to do calculation. At the same time, they are trying to create an apparatus that could facilitate the calculation process.

• After a few trial, finally the complex and advance calculation system has been produced and it is known as a computer.

Before

• Created on 3000 B.D. at Babylonia.

• Was the first mechanical counting device in the world.

• Able to execute addition and subtraction operation.

Abakus Counting Device

John Napier's Bone• Created on 1614 by John Napier.

• Facilitate multiplication and division processes – faster & easier.

• The first logarithm table has been created.

Pascaline Machine• Created on 1642 by Braise Pascal.• Was the first mechanical machine or

calculator in the world.• Able to execute addition and subtraction

processes.

Babbage Differentiation Machine• Created by Charles Babbage on 1821.• Was the first mechanical machine which is used

the steam power.• Able to do a calculation and printing the output

automatically.

Babbage Analytical Engine• Created on 1842 by Charles Babbage. • It has five (5) main parts :• Input unit• Output unit• Processing Unit• Control unit• Memory unit

• His invention has became a theory model for today's computer technology.

• Because of that, Charles Babbage has been known as The Ancestor of A Modern Computer.

• This part indicates the starting point of computer generation.

• The computer which used electrical power has been introduced.

Starting Point

Mark 1• Created on 1941 by Dr. Howard Aikern in

conjunction with IBM.• Was the first electro-mechanical computer.• Size : 55 feet long, 8 feet height and connected

with 800 km of wire.

ENIAC• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer• Was the first electronic computer. • Created on 1946 by J. Presper Eckert & John W.

Munchly from the University of Pennsylvania. Was used until 1955.

• Contained of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and 15,000 sq feet of space is needed. Needs 150 kW power and the weight is 30 ton.

• Used decimal number and 20 accumulators of 10 digits. digit.

• Able to execute 5,000 addition process per second.

• 1,000 times faster than Mark 1.

Von Neumann/Turing• Apply the concept of embedded code.• Main memory keeps the program and data.• ALU uses binary data.• CU interpret the instruction from memory during

the execution. • CU also controls I/O operation.• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies

– IAS• Completed 1952

Structure of Von Nuemann machine

Computer Generation• Vacuum tube : 1946-1957

• Transistor : 1958-1963

• Small scale integration) : 1963 – 1970 Up to 100 components inside one chip.

• Medium scale integration (MSI) : 1971 100-3,000 components inside one chip.

• Large scale integration (LSI) : 1971-19773,000 - 100,000 components inside one chip.

• Very large scale integration (VLSI) ) : 1978 – now100,000 - 100,000,000 components inside one chip.

• Ultra large scale integration Over 100,000,000 components inside one

chip.60

Computer Generation

Extra references

• http://www.softlord.com/comp/• http://www.studyweb.com/

ComputerScience/

REFLECTION• You have to know the importance of learning

this subject.• You have to know the main component of a

computer. • You have to know the computer functions. • You have to know the computer classification

and separate the usage.• You have to know the computer evolution.

DISCUSSIONS• Huraikah apakah yang boleh dilakukan oleh

sesebuah komputer?• Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah

mendorong manusia untuk mencipta komputer?• Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah

mendorong kepada evolusi komputer?• Bincangkan apakah faktor yang telah

mendorong kepada perubahan generasi komputer?

Think!!

You don’t need to know everything, the only thing you have to know is how to get it when

you want to use it

Enstein

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXLxcCTwr2E&feature=player_detailpage/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSFh-ME83Bk&feature=player_detailpage/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SD0W0_J_28A&feature=player_detailpage/

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