NUCLEAR REACTORS

PRESENTED BY:ANUPAM SINGH

K GOURI SHANKAR

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION NUCLEAR REACTION NUCLEAR REACTOR NUCLEAR REACTOR COMPONENTS TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS GENERATIONS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS NUCLEAR REACTORS IN INDIA

NUCLEAR REACTION

A process in which the structure and energy content of an atomic nucleus is changed by interaction with another nucleus or particle .

FISSION REACTION

FUSION REACTION

NUCLEAR REACTOR

NEUCLEAR REACTOR-MAIN PARTS

REACTOR VESSEL REACTOR CORE FUEL MODERATOR CONTROL RODS COOLANT REFLECTORS SHIELDING

TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR

MAGNOX(BASIC GAS COOLED REACTOR) AGR(ADVANCED GAS COOLED REACTORS) PWR(PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR) BWR(BOILING WATER REACTOR) FBR(FAST BREEDER REACTOR) CANDU(PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER

REACTOR) RBMK(WATER COOLED GRAPHITE

MODERATED)

MAGNOX REACTOR

FUEL-0.7% (natural uranium metal) & magnesium alloy cladding.

MODERATOR- Graphite COOLANT-Carbon Dioxide Outlet Temperature-360 degree Celsius Pressure-300psia Efficiency-31%

MAGNOX

AGR REACTOR

FUEL-uranium dioxide enriched to 2.3% natural uranium.

CLADDING- Stainless steel cladding. MODERATOR- Graphite COOLANT-Carbon Dioxide Outlet Temperature- 650 degree celsius Pressure- 600psia Efficiency- 42%

AGR

PWR REACTOR

FUEL-uranium dioxide enriched to 3.2% natural uranium.

CLADDING- Zirconium alloy cladding. MODERATOR- light water COOLANT- light water Outlet Temperature- 317 degree celsius Pressure- 2235psia Efficiency- 32%

PWR

FAST BREEDER REACTOR

FUEL-NATURAL URANIUM

MODERATOR-NONE

COOLANT-LIQUID SODIUM PLUTONIUM IS PRODUCED DURING NUCLEAR

REACTION

FBR

BWR REACTOR

FUEL-uranium dioxide enriched to 2.4% natural uranium.

CLADDING- Zirconium alloy cladding.

MODERATOR- Light Water

COOLANT- Light Water

Outlet Temperature- 286 degree celsius

Pressure- 1050psia

Efficiency- 32%

BWR

CANDU REACTOR

FUEL-Un- enriched uranium dioxide to 0.7% natural uranium.

CLADDING- Zirconium Alloy cladding.

MODERATOR- heavy water

COOLANT- heavy Water

Outlet Temperature- 305 degree celsius

Pressure- 1285psia

Efficiency- 30%

CANDU(CANADIAN DEUTERIUM URANIUM)

RBMK REACTOR

FUEL- uranium dioxide enriched to 1.8 % natural uranium.

CLADDING- Zirconium Alloy cladding. MODERATOR- Graphite COOLANT- Light Water Outlet Temperature- 284 Pressure- 1000psia Efficiency- 31%

RBMK(LIGHT WATER GRAPHITE REACTOR)

REACTOR GENERATIONS

Gen I Prototypes in 50’s & 60’s

Gen II 70’s & 80’s Today’s Operational

Reactors BWR, PWR, CANDU, …

Gen III ABWR, APWR Approved 90’s Some Built around the

World

Gen III+ Current Advanced Designs

in the Approval Process Pebble Bed Reactor

Gen IV Deploy in 2030 Economical Safe Minimize Waste Reduce Proliferation

NUCLEAR PROGRAM: PRESENT STATUS IN INDIA

18 PHWR & 2 BWR now under operation 4 PHWR and 2 LWR under commission 6730 MW generation & 4300 MW under

commission Successful experiments with Fast Breeder Test

Reactor (FBTR) Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) for

500MWe under construction Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) using

(Pu-Th) for 300MWe: advanced stage of design approval; construction soon to begin.

RESEARCH REACTORS IN INDIA

Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) – Trombay Apsara reactor – 1 MWT, pool type, light water moderated, enriched

uranium fuel supplied by France CIRUS reactor – 40 MWT, supplied by Canada, heavy water

moderated, uses natural uranium fuel Dhruva reactor  – 100 MWT, heavy water moderated, uses natural

uranium fuel Indira Gandhi for Atomic Research Center

(IGCAR)– Kalpakkam PFBR – 500MWe Sodium cooled fast breeder nuclear reactor under

construction. Expected completion 2013. FBTR – 40 MWT Fast Breeder Test Reactor, uses mixed (plutonium

and uranium) carbide fuel KAMINI –30 kWT, uses U-233 fuel

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