©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

1

NotesAboutSpiritMap

ThispaperprovidesbackgroundinformationaboutSpiritMap,including:

• WhatSpiritMapis–andisnot.• SimilarityofSpiritMap’sstructureandmethodologywiththatfoundinthesocial

scienceandmarketingresearch.• Comparisonswithotherspiritualwell-beinginventories.• Discussionofhowwedevelopedthe44itemsintheSpiritMapinventory.• Theunderlyingdomainsofspiritualwell-beingrevealedbyanalyzingSpiritMap

responsedataandhowthesedomainscomparewithdomainsofspiritualwell-beingreportedintheliterature.

• Validityandreliabilityissues.• ThedistinctionNewYorkTimescolumnistDavidBrooksmakesbetweenresume

virtuesandeulogyvirtuesandhowthatdistinctionappliestoSpiritMap(aslightbutpertinenttangent).

• AdditionalresearchpossibilitiesthatexistwithourSpiritMapdatabase.

WhatSpiritMapIsandIsNot

SurveyStructure

SpiritMapisasurvey-basedinstrumentandanalysisprocedurethatprovidesapoint-in-timesnapshotofwhereindividualsandcongregationsareontheirspiritualjourney,helpingthemfindtheirinherentspiritualstrengthsandtheiropportunitiestodeepentheirsenseofpeace,compassion,andjoy.TheSpiritMapinventorycontains44itemsrelatedtothedomainofspiritualwell-being.Individualsassessboththepresenceofandtheimportanceofeachitemintheirspirituallife:

• Presenceofeachitem:howtrueisthisstatementforyou(1–10scalewhere1=notatalltrueand10=totallytrue)

• Importanceofeachitem:howimportantisthisstatementtoyourspiritualwell-being(1–10scalewhere1=relativelyleastimportanttoyourspiritualwell-beingand10=relativelymostimportanttoyourspiritualwell-being)?

Inaskingpeopletoratetheimportanceofeachitem,SpiritMapisalmostuniqueamongsurveysofthistype.Wehavefoundonlyoneothersurveythatasksforanotherratinginadditiontothepresencerating.

SpiritMap’simportanceratingallowspeopletodefineforthemselveswhatmattersintheirspirituallife,bringingbuilt-inmotivationtotheworkofdeepeningtheirspirituallives.Forexample,ifsomeonegivesthesamepresenceratingtotwoSpiritMapitems,theimportanceratingsassignedtothetwoitemshelpsdeterminewhichitemshouldreceivethemostattention.Inthiswaytheimportanceratingsserveasaprioritizingmetricforaction.

Afterindividualshaveprovidedtheirpresenceandimportanceratings,oursurveyasksrespondentstoprovideanestimateoftheiroverallspiritualwell-beingbothnowandinfiveyears(optional).

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

2

KeyDeliverables

SpiritMapisnotapredictivetoolinthewaythat,forexample,theSATattemptstopredictcollegesuccess.Itisalsonotascreeningtoolinthewaythatcertainpersonalitytestsareusedaspartofanemploymentscreeningprocess.Instead,thesurveymethodologyandanalyticalsteps,bothattheindividuallevelandcongregationallevel,followgenerallyacceptedandwell-establishedmarketingresearchpracticetogivethreeprimarydeliverables:

• TopfiveSignatureStrengths(SS)astheypertaintotheindividual’sspiritualidentity.

• TopfiveKeyOpportunities(KO)astheypertaintotheindividual’sspiritualgrowthanddevelopment.AppendixAexplainshowwedetermineSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunities.

• Aquadrantmapwhereeachofthe44itemsthatmakeupthesurvey,includingtheSSandKO,isplottedinthetwo-dimensionalpresence/importancespace.AppendixBprovidesanexamplequadrantmap.

Faith-NeutralAspect

WedevelopedSpiritMapasafaith-neutralinventory,believingthatspiritualityisauniversalhumanexperiencethattranscendsspecificbeliefs.Whilethereareitemsintheinventorythatdealwithspiritualissues,thereisnodirectreference,forexample,toGod,Creator,higherpower,orprayer.Whilefaith-neutralityisnotauniquecharacteristic,itdoesplaceSpiritMapwithagrowingnumberofsurveyswithaspiritualratherthanareligiousorientation(Meezenbroeketal,2012).J.Fisher,authorofanotherspiritualwell-beinginventorycalledSHALOM,hasalsonotedtheneedto“relax”thereferencetoGodinordertoexpandtherelevanceofhisinstrumenttoabroaderaudience.Ashesaysinarecentpaper“…inlightoftheclaimoftheisticbiasleveledattheexistingSHALOM,fourofthefiveoriginalTranscendentalfactoritemshadthewords‘God’,‘Divine’,and‘Creator’replacedbytheword‘Transcendent’”(Fisher,2016,p.49)

WealsonotethisfromMeezenbroeketal(2012)abouttheneedforspiritualwell-beingsurveystobemorefaithneutral,“Welookedforadefinitionofspiritualitythatreflectstheexperiencesofpeoplefromdifferentreligiousorsecularbackgroundsandthatreflectscurrent(western)culture,wheremanypeoplearesearchingforprofundityandmeaninginlifeonthebasisofpersonalexperiencesandinsightinsteadofonthebasisofexternalrules,normsandexpectations.Incurrent(western)culture,moreandmorepeoplearesearchingforaconnectionwiththedivinewithinthemselves,insteadofaconnectionwithanexternalalmightypower.”(p.338)

SimilaritieswithSocialScienceandMarketingResearch

SimilaritieswithSocialScienceResearch

ThescalesusedinSpiritMapforthePresenceandtheImportanceratingsaresimilartoLikertscalescommonlyusedinsurveyresearchinthesocialsciences.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

3

SpiritMap’squestionaskingindividualstoprovideanestimateoftheiroverallspiritualwell-beingbothnowandinfiveyearsalsohasparallelsinthesocialsciences.Here’showSpiritMapasksthequestions:

Takingtheitemsaboveasspeaking,inaggregate,toyouroveralllevelofspiritualwell-being,plusanyotheritemswemayhavemissedandrecognizingthatsomeitemswillbemoreimportanttoyouthanothers:Howwouldyourateyourcurrentlevelofoverallspiritualwell-being?(1–10)?Wheredoyouexpectyouroveralllevelofspiritualwell-beingtobefiveyearsfromnow?(1–10)?

Socialscienceassessmentsregularlyuseaself-defined,self-reportedsubjectiveoverallassessmentforconstructsthataredifficulttodefineobjectively,leavingtheconstruct’sdefinitionuptotheindividualrespondent.

Forexample,EdDienerfromtheUniversityofIllinois,Urbana-ChampaigninhisSatisfactionwithLifeScalequestionnairesays,“TheSatisfactionwithLifeScalewasdevelopedtoassesssatisfactionwithpeople'slivesasawhole.Thescaledoesnotassesssatisfactionwithspecificlifedomains,suchashealthorfinances,butallowssubjectstointegrateandweighthesedomainsinwhateverwaytheychoose.”

Insocialscienceresearch,overallconstructsareoftencharacterizedbyspecificdomainsorattributesinthisway.Jobsatisfactionsurveysareanotherexampleofsuchastructure.Inadditiontoanoverall,self-defined,subjectiveratingofjobsatisfaction,suchsurveysusuallyincluderatingsofspecificattributessuchassalary,advancementopportunities,benefits,professionaldevelopmentopportunities,supervision,etc.Asinthecaseofoveralllifesatisfactioncitedabove,theoverallratingofjobsatisfactionallowssubjectstointegrateandweighthesespecificdomainsorattributesinwhateverwaytheychoosetoreflecttheoverallrating.

Inthesamewaythatoverallsatisfactionwithone’slifeorjobisafunctionofthebundleofattributesthatdefinetheoverallconstruct,SpiritMapviewsanindividual’soverallspiritualwell-beingtobeafunctionofaspecificbundleofattributesthatdefinetheoverallconstruct:the44itemsontheSpiritMapinventory(e.g.Icaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothers;mylifehasmeaningandpurpose;Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow.)Theseareattributesthatrespondentsevaluate,weight,andintegrateinwhateverwaytheychoosetocomeupwitharatingofoverallspiritualwell-being.

Inwhatmightbeabitofoversimplification,wewouldpointoutthefollowingparallelbetweenSpiritMapandjobsatisfaction.Jobsatisfactiondealswithone’sprofessionallife;SpiritMapdealswithone’sspirituallife.Wereturntothisparallelinthesectionbelowtitled“ResumeVirtuesvs.EulogyVirtues”.

SimilarCorrelationMetricswithMarketResearch

SpiritMapprovidesthesametypeofcorrelationmetricsthatwefindinsimilarlystructuredmarketingresearchstudies.

Marketingresearchstudiesoftencorrelatetheself-reportedoverallsatisfactionwithaproductorservice(e.g.,anautomobile)withevaluationsonthesetofattributesthatdefinetheproductorservice(inthecaseofanautomobilethesewouldbeattributeslikesafety,

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

4

styling,mpg,comfort,etc.).Correlationsusuallyrangefromahighof0.70toalowof0.20.Thesecorrelations,orfunctionsofthesecorrelations,areusedtoprioritizewhichattributesarekey“correlatesofoverallsatisfaction”.

Whenwelookatthecorrelationsbetweentheoverallassessmentofspiritualwell-beinginSpiritMapandthepresenceratingsonthedefiningsetofattributes,(attributeslike:Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow;Mylifehasmeaningandpurpose;Icaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothers,etc.)wefindcorrelationsthatrangefromhighsofapproximately0.70tolowsjustbelow0.20;inotherwordsverymuchinlinewithwhatwefindinmarketingresearchstudies.

ComparisonofSpiritMapwithOtherSpiritualWell-BeingInventories

Theattempttoassessspiritualwell-beingthroughamulti-itemsurveysuchasSpiritMapiswell-documentedintheliterature.Fisher(2015)reviewed260suchmulti-itemspiritualwell-beingquestionnaires.Onlyoneofthese,however,Fisher’sownSHALOMinstrument,elicitsasecondmeasurementofimportanceforeachinventoryitemthewaySpiritMapdoes.ForanextensivecomparisonbetweenSpiritMapandSHALOM,pleaserequestourworkingpaper.WewouldalsonotethattheSpiritualWell-BeingQuestionnaire(SWBQ)developedbyFisherandGomez(2003),whichistheprecursortotheSHALOMinstrumentanddoesnotincludetheimportancecomponent,wasjudgedthebest,mostpromisinginstrumentamongteninstrumentsreviewedbyMeezenbroek,etal(2012)Wefeelthefactthatsucharecognizedinstrumentfelttheneedtoaddimportancereinforcesourchoicetoincludeitfromthebeginning.Finally,wewouldnotethatthe44SpiritMapitemsoffermore“granularity”than,forexample,the20itemsinFisher’sSWBQ,givingindividualsmoreopportunitytodescribehowtheyaredoingonpotentiallyimportantaspectsoftheirspiritualwell-being.

WhyThese44Items

TheoriginalinventoryofitemsusedbySpiritMapconsistedof56items.Thisoriginal56itemsetwasprimarilytheresultofthinking,writing,andresearchbythreewell-establishedandhighlyregardedUnitarianUniversalistministersreflectingaprofessionallifetimededicatedtohelpingindividualsandcongregationsenhancetheirindividualandcollectivespiritualgrowth,transformation,andwell-being.

Thereductionfrom56to44itemsisprimarilytheresultofanexploratoryfactoranalysis(EFA)withtheoriginal56itemsondatacollectedfromfourUnitarianUniversalistcongregationsthatagreedtoparticipateinapilotstudyin2013(n=503).Factoranalysisbundlestogetheritemsthatdefineacommonunderlyingconstructorfactor.Forexample,theattributesIcaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothersandIgivetoothersfullyandgenerouslyarepartofthesamebundle.

Itemsinagivenbundlearetosomedegreemeasuringthesamething.Thisredundancymeansthatwecouldconsidereliminatingcertainitemshighlyredundantwithotheritems.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

5

Inadditiontoitemredundancies,welookedathowindividualitempresenceratingscorrelatedwiththeassessmentofoverallspiritualwell-being.Weeliminatedonlyitemswith(1)ahighdegreeofredundancywithotheritemsasdeterminedbythefactoranalysisand(2)hadarelativelylowcorrelationwithoverallspiritualwell-being.Usingthisprocedureweeliminated12oftheoriginalsetof56itemstoarriveatthefinalsetof44.

DomainsofSpiritualWell-Being

TheEFAweconductedtohelpreducethenumberofitemsintheSpiritMapinventory(seeprevioussection)bundleditemstogetherintocommonunderlyingconstructsorfactors.Wehavecalledtheseunderlyingconstructsorfactorsdomains,accordingtothepracticeinthespiritualwell-beingliterature.Whatisthenatureoftheseunderlyingdomains?WeexplorethisquestionasitisansweredintheliteratureandasitisansweredbyanupdatedanalysisofourSpiritMapdata.

TheDomainsofSpiritualWell-BeingintheLiterature

TheNationalInterfaithCoalitiononAging(NICA,1975)proposedfourmainthemesintheirframeworkdefinitionofspiritualwell-being:“theaffirmationoflifeinarelationshipwithGod,self,communityandenvironmentthatnurturesandcelebrateswholeness”(p.4).Fisher(2010)saysoftheserelationships,“Anextensivereviewofliteraturerevealedthatthesefoursetsofrelationshipsarethekeyfeaturesmentionedwhendiscussingspiritualwell-beingoverthelastthreedecades”(p.107).Fisher(2010)describesthesedomainsasfollows:

Personaldomain–whereinoneintra-relateswithoneselfwithregardstomeaning,purposeandvaluesinlife...

Communaldomain–asshowninthequalityanddepthofinterpersonalrelationships,betweenselfandothers,relatingtomoralitycultureandreligion...

Environmentaldomain–beyondcareandnurtureforthephysicalandbiological,toasenseofaweandwonder,forsomethenotionofunitywiththeenvironment.

Transcendentaldomain–relationshipofselfwithsome-thingorsome-Onebeyondthehumanlevel...(p.107)

TheDomainsofSpiritualWell-BeingasRevealedbySpiritMap

In2019,weperformedanewEFA(principalcomponentanalysis,obliquerotation)onourenlargedsampleof1048respondentswithaspecificgoalofseeingifathreetosixfactorsolutionwouldcomparefavorablywiththefourdomainsofspiritualwell-beingreferencedaboveandatthesametimehavegoodpsychometricproperties.

ThesampleforthisnewEFAconsistedof1048adultrespondentswhohavetakentheSpiritMapsurveyonbehalfoftheircongregationorasindependentindividualsmotivatedtowantthefeedbackofferedbyouranalysis.Wementionthissimplytocontrastthefactthatmanyoftheresultsreportedintheliteraturearebasedondatafromundergraduatestudentsinapsychologyorsociologycourse.TheSpiritMapsampleisalsogeographicallydispersedwithparticipatingcongregationsintheEast(33.5%),Midwest(36.0%)andWest(30.5%).

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

6

Thechosenfactorsolutionyieldsthefollowingsixunderlyingdimensionsordomainswhichwehavenamed:

(1) PersonalInsights:WithinMe(2) PersonalInsights:WithinRelationship(3) Communal:RelationshipandRightAction(4) Environmental:OpennesstoWonder(5) SpiritualCuriosity(6) SpiritualPracticeandMeaning

Thetablesbelowshoweachdomain,whatSpiritMapitemsdefinethatdomain,andthefactorloadingsforeachitem.Thehighertheloadingthehigherthedegreeofassociationwiththefactor.Weassignedeachitemtothedomainwhereithasthehighestloading.Therearefiveitems(2,4,5,27,and31)whoseloadingssuggestmembershipintwoormoredomainsasidentifiedinthelasttablebelow.

PersonalInsights:WithinMe

Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100

12 Iamreflective. 6920 Iamself-aware. 5522 Iammindfulofmyemotions. 4725 AwarenessofmymortalityinformshowIlivemylife. 462 (Ithinkaboutmyplaceintheuniverse.)SeealsoEnvironmental. 4423 Iseesomethinguniversalinallhumanstruggle. 395 (Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow.)SeealsoEnvironmental. 43

PersonalInsights:WithinRelationship

Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100

33 IcantellthedifferencebetweenwhatIamresponsiblefor,andwhatIdonotcontrol.

78

34 Imakegooddecisionsaboutwhentoact. 6535 I’mabletoadaptwhenthingsdonotturnoutthewayIwant. 6537 Ihavetheabilitytorepent,forgivemyself,andchange. 6038 Icanaskforandacceptforgiveness. 5344 Icanbeinthepresenceofmyownoranother’spainwithoutneedingtofleeorfix

it.50

26 Havinggoodboundariesallowsmetoactwithintention. 4924 Iacceptambiguityasinherentinlife. 39

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

7

Communal:RelationshipandRightAction

Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100

18 Iactwiththeinterestsofothersinmind. 7319 Iactwithintegrity. 6916 Icaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothers. 6813 Iamrespectfulofthefeelings,actions,andopinionsofothers. 62

14Itakeresponsibilityfortheconsequencesofmyactions,eventhosethatareunintended.

58

15 Iactinanauthenticmanner. 5810 Igivetoothersfullyandgenerously. 559 Iseekharmonywithothers. 5040 Iamabletoexercisepowerwithoutcorruption. 4921 Ifreelyandintentionallygivemytimeandenergytoothers. 426 Leadingamorallifemakesmehappy. 4141 Icangiveloyaltytoanother’sleadershipwithoutlosingmyintegrity. 4017 IbelieveitmatterswhatIdo. 39

Environmental:OpennesstoWonder

Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100

1 Iseebeautyallaroundme. 713 Idelightinexperiencesbothgreatandsmall. 6839 Iexperienceawe. 5732 Iamcurioustolearnmoreabouthowtheworldaroundmeworks. 515 (Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow.)SeealsoPersonalInsights:WithinMe 474 (Ifeelpartofsomethinglargerthanmyself.)SeealsoSpiritualPracticeand

Meaning46

2 (Ithinkaboutmyplaceintheuniverse.)SeealsoPersonalInsights:WithinMe 43

SpiritualCuriosity

Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100

29 Iappreciatethebeautyandpowerofreligioussymbolsandritualsotherthanmyown.

71

30 Iamawareofsomeofthelimitationsorparadoxesofmyownpreferredreligiousvocabulary.

70

28 Iperceiveandrespondtotruththatisexpressedinmythorpoetry. 5936 Myspiritualgrowthisimportanttome. 51

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

8

SpiritualPracticeandMeaning

Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100

8 Iactivelypracticemyspiritualorreligiousfaith. 5542 Iactinareligiousmanner. 5411 Iactinaspiritualmanner. 527 Ihaveaclearpurposetomylifeandamabletoarticulatethatpurposetoboth

myselfandothers.51

43 Ibelievemylifehasmeaningandpurpose. 484 (Ifeelpartofsomethinglargerthanmyself.)SeealsoEnvironmental. 39

ItemsinMultipleDomains(furtherexplanationbelow)

Item# Item Oblique

Loading*100

2Ithinkaboutmyplaceintheuniverse.(PersonalInsights:WithinMeorEnvironmental)

44and43

4Ifeelpartofsomethinglargerthanmyself.(SpiritualPracticeandMeaningorEnvironmental)

39and46

5Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow.(PersonalInsights:WithinMeorEnvironmental)

43and47

27 EventhoughIcannotknowexactlywhatwillhappen,thepromisesImakegiveshapetomyfutureandmeaningtomylife.(nosignificantloadingonanyonedomain;loadingsrangefrom12to31)

loadingrange[12,31]

31 Iactwithawarenessofmyplaceintheinterconnectedwebofexistence.(nosignificantloadingonanyonedomain;loadingsrangefrom12to26)

loadingrange[12,26]

Threeitemsintheabovetable(2,4,5)havedualdomainmembershipwithrelativelyhighloadingsinbothdomains.

Twoitemsintheabovetable(27and31)donothavesufficientlyhighloadingsinanydomain,butratherhavesomelevelofattachmentinalldomains.WewillcontinuetousetheseitemsintheSpiritMapinventorybecause:

• Theybothhaveastrongtheoreticalconnectiontoliberalreligiousfaithandpractice.• Item31ranksrelativelyhigh(12th)asaKeyOpportunityforSpiritMaprespondents

andrankshigh(9th)asacorrelateofoverallspiritualwell-beingwhencomputedfromtheresponsesinourdatabase.

Wealsonotethatitem27usesthemostwordsofthe44items.This“complexity”mightcontributetoitslackofsignificantassociationwithanyofthesixfactors.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

9

SpiritMapdoesnotyetreportdomainscores.Wehaveandwillcontinuetousethemforresearchpurposes.WearealsointheprocessofinvestigatingthepotentialvalueoftellingindividualsorgroupswhatdomaintheirSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunitiesbelongto.Whenwedo,whenitems2,4,and5appearasSignatureStrengthsorKeyOpportunities,wewillassigntheirdomainmembershipasprovidesthemostpotentialinsightfortheindividual.Whenitems27and31appearasSignatureStrengthsorKeyOpportunities,wewillnotmakeanydomainreference.

Webelievethatthespiritualwell-beingdomainsrevealedbytheitemsintheSpiritMapinventoryshowgoodalignmentwithotherpostulatedandwell-researchedspiritualitydomains.Thisalignmentisparticularlycompelling,giventhefactthatthespiritualwell-beingdomainsofSpiritMapemergefromitemsgeneratedtotallyindependentlyfromanyconsiderationoftheitemsexploredbyresearcherslikeFisherandwithoutanyconsiderationofdomainsofspiritualwell-being,asposited,forexample,bytheNICAorFisher.

ThreeimportantdifferencesbetweenSpiritMapdomainsandthedomainsdiscussedintheliterature:

1. SpiritMapdoesnotmentionGod,Creator,orprayer,butinitsstatedefforttoremainfaith-neutralsubstitutesitemsthatrelatetoaspirituallife,suchas“Iactinaspiritualmanner.”Thus,inplaceofaTranscendentaldomain,theSpiritMapitemspartitionintotwoSpiritualdomainsrelatingtotwodifferentaspectsofaspirituallife.

2. TheitemsintheSpiritMapinventoryaresuchthattheypartitionintotwodomainsthatspeaktotwodifferentaspectsofarelationshipwithoneself(Personal).

3. ThetwoSpiritMapitemsthatdealwithmeaningandpurposedonotattachtoeitherofthePersonalSpiritMapdomains,asmightbeexpectedfromFisher’sdescriptionofthatdomaininhisfindings

Wehaveahypothesisforthethirddifferenceabove,relatedtothesamplesusedinFisher’sstudiesvs.thoseusedinourSpiritMapresearch.ThetwoSpiritMapitemsrelatedtomeaningandpurposeare:

• Ihaveaclearpurposetomylifeandamabletoarticulatethatpurposetobothmyselfandothers(Item7)

• Ibelievemylifehasmeaningandpurpose(Item43)GivenFisher’sdescriptionofhisPersonaldomain“whereinoneintra-relateswithoneselfwithregardstomeaning,purposeandvaluesinlife”wewouldhaveexpectedthesetwoSpiritMapitemstoattachtoeitherofthetwoPersonalSpiritMapdomains.Instead,theyattachtotheSpiritMapdomainSpiritualPracticeandMeaning.MostoftheanalyticalworkestablishingFisher’sdomainsofspiritualwell-being,usinghisSHALOMortheSWBQinventories,wascarriedout,asmanyacademicresearchersdo,withcollegestudents.AllofthedevelopmentalworkofSpiritMaphasbeencarriedoutonolderadultswhocametotheSpiritMaptaskeitherasanindividualmotivatedtodiscovermoreaboutwheretheyareontheirspiritualjourneyorasmemberofacongregationmotivatedtohelptheircongregationdiscovermoreaboutthespiritualwell-beingofitscongregantsand/ormotivatedtodiscovermoreabouttheirownpersonalspiritualwell-being.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

10

WhatourEFAsuggestsisthatourSpiritMapadultstoalargedegreeassociatemeaningandpurposeintheirliveswiththeirspirituallives.Thisassociationis,apparently,notnearlyasstrongamongyounger,perhapslessspirituallymotived,collegestudents.ThereisoneadditionalpieceofevidencethatsupportsgroupingthetwomeaningandpurposeSpiritMapitemsinoneoftheSpiritualdomains.Asmentionedearlier,whenpeopletaketheSpiritMapinventory,weaskthem“Howwouldyourateyourcurrentlevelofoverallspiritualwell-being?(1–10).”Whenwecorrelatetheself-assessmentratingsofeachofthe44itemswiththisoverallspiritualwell-beingrating,herearethetopsixcorrelations:

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

11

Correlation Itemnumber

Item

0.590 8 Iactivelypracticemyspiritual/religiousfaith0.504 11 Iactinaspiritualmanner

0.479 7 Ihaveaclearpurposetomylifeandamabletoarticulatethatpurposetobothmyselfandothers.

0.467 31 Iactwithawarenessofmyplaceintheinterconnectedwebofexistence.

0.453 42 Iactinareligiousmanner0.444 43 Ibelievemylifehasmeaningandpurpose.

ThedomainwehavenamedSpiritual:PracticeandMeaningisdefinedbyfiveofthesesixitems(allbutitem31).Thefactthatthemeaningandpurposeitems(7and43)correlatewithoverallspiritualwell-beingasstronglyastheitemsintheSpiritual:PracticeandMeaningdomain(8,11,and42)providessupportthattheybelongtogether.

PsychometricPropertiesoftheSpiritMapItemsandSix-FactorSolution

Thefactoranalysisreportedherewasaprincipalcomponentanalysiswithanoblique(oblimin)rotation.TheobliquerotationwasusedtofollowtheprocedureusedbyGomezandFisher(2003,p.1980).Thesamplesizewas1048resultinginaratioofN/n(samplesizetonumberofitems:1048/44)of23.8.Ideallythisratiois10.0orgreater.

Akeymeasureofsamplingadequacy(MSA)ofadatasetistheKaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)measureforeachitemandintotal.Ideallythesevalueswouldbe>=0.70,ahurdleclearedbyallitemsandintotalasillustratedinthefollowingtable:

Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10KMO 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.93 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.95

Item 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20KMO 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95

Item 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30KMO 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.94 0.94

Item 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40KMO 0.97 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.96

Item 41 42 43 44 overall KMO 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.97 0.95

Whenratingsforindividualitemsarecombinedtoformacompositescoreonadomaintheyneedtoexhibitinternalconsistency.Internalconsistencyreliabilityreflectstheextenttowhichasetofitemsismeasuringthesameconstruct.ItismostoftencalculatedusingCronbach’scoefficientalpha.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

12

Generalruleofthumb:

0.60=OK0.70=Good0.80=VeryGood0.90=Excellent>0.95=toohigh(itemsaretoointer-relatedandthereforesomeareredundant).Cronbach’salphascoresforoursixdomainsrangefromahighof0.89toalowof0.76,withallalphaswellabove0.70suggestinggoodinternalreliabilityacrosstheboard:

Domain Cronbach’sαPersonalInsights:WithinMe 0.76PersonalInsights:WithinRelationship 0.86Communal:RelationshipandRightAction 0.89

Environmental:OpentoWonder 0.80SpiritualCuriosity 0.79SpiritualPracticeandMeaning 0.84

Therootmeansquareoftheresiduals(RMSR)forthissix-factorsolutionis0.04.Ideallythismetricshouldbe<=0.08,soourresultsmeetthisbenchmark.

Whenperformingafactoranalysisoneofthekeydecisionstheanalystmustconsiderishowmanyfactorstoextract.Somekeyconsiderations:

• Whatdoestheorysay?Inthiscasetheliteraturewouldsuggestfourdomains(factors)ofspiritualwell-being.OursixdomainsnicelyparallelthesefourwithanexpandedPersonaldomainintoatwo-aspectrelationwithselfandanexpandedtwo-aspectSpiritualdomaininplaceofasingleTranscendentaldomain.

• Canthefactorsbeinterpreted?WethinktheSpiritMapfactorsqualify.• Dothefactorsexplainatleast50%oftheitemvariance?Thesixextractedfactors

explain54%ofthevariance.• Aretheeigenvaluesfortheextractedfactors>=1.0?Inthiscasetheeigenvaluesfor

thesixfactorsareall1.30orgreater.• Howmanyfactorsdoesparallelanalysissuggest?Thisanalysisisbasedontheeigen

valuespresentinarandommatrixthesamesizeasourdataset,i.e.,onewith1048rowsand44columns.Theparallelanalysissuggestsafactorsolutionofsixfactors.

ValidityandReliabilityIssues

TheIdiographicNatureofSpiritMap

Inconsideringvalidity,it’simportanttofirstunderstandinwhatwaysSpiritMapisanidiographicor,perhapsbetterdescribedas,aquasi-idiographicassessmentinstrumentincontrasttoanomotheticassessment.Thenwecanconsiderwhatconstitutesvalidityofanidiographicinstrument.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

13

Wikipedia(Wikipediacontributors2019,April21)capturestheessenceofthedifferencebetweenthetwoforms:

Inpsychology,idiographicdescribesthestudyoftheindividual,whoisseenasauniqueagentwithauniquelifehistory,withpropertiessettinghim/herapartfromotherindividuals.Nomotheticdescribesthestudyofclassesorcohortsofindividuals.Herethesubjectisseenasanexemplarofapopulationandtheircorrespondingpersonalitytraitsandbehaviours.

SpiritMapinitsusualapplicationisclearlyfocusedontheindividualasauniqueagentwithauniquelifehistory.Thatsaid,SpiritMapdoeshavecertaincharacteristicsthatalsopertaintonomotheticinstrumentsandiswhyweusetheterm“quasi-idiographic”.ConsiderthischaracterizationofnomotheticinstrumentsfromHaynesetal(2000):

Nomotheticassessmentinstruments:(a)involvemethodsthatarestandardizedacrosspersons,(b)providemeasuresofidenticalvariablesonidenticaldimensionsacrosspersons,(c)dependonaggregatedmeasuresobtainedfromotherpersonstoderivejudgments,and(d)areselectedforusewithaparticularclientfrompriorresearchwithpersonswithsimilarbehavior.(p.112)

Characteristics(c)and(d)donotapply.SpiritMapdoesnotrelyonaggregatedmeasures(oranyotherkindofmeasures)obtainedfromotherpersonstoderivejudgments.TheSpiritMapresultsdeliveredtoagivenclientarecompletelyself-referenced.Plus,thereisnoinstrumentselectioninvolved.Everyonegetsthesameinstrument.Characteristics(a)and(b)aremorecomplicated.TheyapplytotheSpiritMapinstrumentinthattheinventoryisstandardizedacrossindividualsandthemeasurescollectedareacrossidenticalvariablesanddimensions.However,SpiritMapprovidesindividualtailoring(anidiographiccharacteristic)throughtheimportanceratingsrespondentsprovide.Theimportanceratingsallowthegivenrespondenttoindicatehowmuchtocountorweightagivenitem(foreachofthe44items),intermsofitsimportancetothemintheirspirituallife.Theseunique-to-the-individualimportanceratingsineffecttailortheresultinganalysistothegivenindividual.ThisaspectofSpiritMapissimilartothenotionof“assessmentcongruence”discussedHaynesetal(2009).Inthatpapertheyproposethatindividualitemsshouldbeweightedbytheirrelevancetotheindividualandsuggestasetofmathematicaloperationsfordevelopingsuchmeasures.This,ineffect,iswhatSpiritMapdoeswithdirectassessmentsofimportanceinsteadoftheelaboratemathsuggestedinthepaper(thatmathrequiresthataseriesofrepeatedmeasuresbetakenoverarelativelyshorttimeperiod,e.g.,assessmentsfordepressionoranxiety,whichisneverpartoftheSpiritMapprotocol).

ValidationofIdeographicInstruments:ContentValidity

Weturnnowtoconsidervalidationissuesofidiographicinstruments.Theliteraturesuggeststhatcontentvalidityisamajorconsideration.Forexample,thisquote,whileclearlypertainingtoaclinicalsettingcanalsoapply,webelieve,tothemorecoachingsettingrepresentedbyatypicalapplicationofSpiritMap:

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

14

Contentvalidityisaparticularlyimportantevaluativedimensionforidiographicassessmentinstruments.Thecontentvalidityofanidiographicassessmentinstrumentisthedegreetowhichtheelementsoftheinstrumentarerelevanttotheclientandthedegreetowhichmeasuresrepresentthearrayoftheclient'sbehaviorproblems.(Haynesetall,2000,p.125)

Moregenerally,contentvalidityreferstohowaccuratelyanassessmenttool(inthiscaseSpiritMapandits44items)tapsintothevariousaspectsofthespecificconstructinquestion,inthiscasespiritualwell-beingasauniversalhumanexperiencethattranscendsspecificreligiousbeliefs.ContentValidityofSpiritMap

Welookatcontentvalidityfromtwoperspectives,thatof:

• Subjectmatterexperts(thoseprimarilyresponsiblefortheitemsintheSpiritMapinventory)

• Thealignmentofthedomainsofspiritualwell-beingasrevealedbySpiritMapdatawithotherresearcheddomainsofspiritualwell-beingasreportedintheliterature.

ContentValidity-SubjectMatterExperts

Contentvalidityismostoftenassessedbyrelyingontheknowledgeofpeoplewhoarefamiliarwiththeconstructbeingmeasured,so-calledSubject-MatterExperts(SME).

Theoriginal56itemsetwasprimarilytheresultofthinking,writing,andresearchbythreewell-establishedandhighlyregardedUnitarianUniversalistministersreflectingaprofessionallifetimededicatedtohelpingindividualsandcongregationsenhancetheirindividualandcollectivespiritualgrowth,transformation,andspiritualwell-being.Theirfamiliaritywiththedomainofspiritualwell-beingestablishesthemasSubjectMatterExpertsandprovidesasignificantlevelofconfidencethatthefinalsetof44items(afteraninitialEFAandsubsequentanalysis)coversarepresentativesampleofthisdomainasrequiredtoestablishcontentvalidityforourtargetmarket:UnitarianUniversalists,otherswithaprogressivereligiousorientation,andthelargeandfast-growingpopulationofindividualswhoidentifyasspiritualbutnotreligious.1

ContentValidity-AlignmentofSpiritMapdomainswithdomainsreportedintheliterature

WhilereferencetoSubjectMatterExpertsrepresentstheprimarymethodforestablishingcontentvalidity,thealignmentofSpiritMapdomainsofspiritualwell-beingwithdomainsreportedintheliteraturerepresents,inouropinion,supportingevidenceofcontentvalidityaswell.Asdiscussedabove,we’veconcludedthatthe

1WhilethereareanalyticalproceduresforcombiningSMEassessments(seeforexample,Lawshe,C.H.(1975)),nonewasappliedinthiscase.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

15

alignmentofthefourdomainsintheliteratureandthesixdomainsofSpiritMapisgood.

Takentogether,thecredibilityoftheSubjectMatterExpertsbehindSpiritMapandthegooddomainalignment,developedindependentlyfromotherresearchers,offerstrongevidenceforthecontentvalidityoftheitemsintheSpiritMapinventory.

OtherValidityConsiderations

Thissectionhighlightstwoothertypesofvalidity—convergentandconstructvalidity—andwhatitwouldtaketoestablishthemforSpiritMap,andthechallengesofestablishingthemforSpiritMap.

Convergentvalidity,thedegreetowhichtwomeasuresorconstructsthattheoreticallyshouldberelated,areinfactrelated,wouldprovideanotherperspectiveonSpiritMap’svalidity.Forexample,wecouldlookatconvergentvaliditybylookingatthecorrelationsbetweenSpiritMapdomainscoresandSWBQdomainscores.BecausetheSWBQisconsideredavalidinventory(GomezandFisher,2003),thisinventory,webelieve,couldbeusedasabenchmarkforsuchacomparison.

Todate,wehavenothadtheluxuryofaskingourSpiritMaprespondents(thesearenon-studentsamples)totakebothsurveyssothatresultscanbecompared.Wewillcontinuetolookforopportunitiestomakethiscomparison.

Constructvalidityisthedegreetowhichameasureaccuratelyassesseswhatitisintendedtomeasure.Wecouldpotentiallyinvestigateconstructvaliditytwoways,focusingontheassessmentweaskrespondentstogiveoftheiroverallspiritualwell-being(andwhatthatlevelwillbeinfiveyears):

• Peerevaluations• CorrelationofSpiritMapmeasureswithmeasuresfromanothervalidinstrument.

Peerevaluations

Ifinthefuturewewereabletoaskforpeerevaluationsofoverallspiritualwell-being,wecouldlookathowthesepeerevaluationscorrelatewiththeindividualself-reportedratingsoftheiroverallspiritualwell-beingtoestablishthedegreeofconstructvalidityofthisoverallspiritualwell-beingmetric.

Correlationwithmeasuresfromanothervalidinstrument

Again,ifSpiritMaprespondentscompletedaSWBQinventorytoo,wecouldlookatthecorrelationoftheirSpiritMapratingofoverallspiritualwell-beingwiththetotalSWBQscoreasanothercheckonconstructvalidity.Again,becausetheSWBQisconsideredavalidinventory(GomezandFisher,2003),thisinventory,webelieve,couldbeusedasabenchmarkforsuchacomparison.

Wehaven’tplacedahighpriorityoncompletingthisconstructvalidityresearchbecausetheratingofoverallspiritualwell-beingisusedveryminimallyinSpiritMapdeliverables.Itisnotusedatallindeliverablesforindividuals.Forcongregations,weonlyuseoverall

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

16

spiritualwell-beinginasecondarydeliverablecalledCorrelatesofSpiritualWell-Being.ThisdeliverablereportshowtheindividualSpiritMapitemscorrelatewithoverallspiritualwell-being.2Thus,thecostintimeandmoneytoconductthisresearchisnotyetsupportedbythebenefits.Wedo,however,seethepotentialforfurtherresearchusingthemetricofoverallspiritualwell-being(seethesectionContinuingandFutureResearchandDevelopmentOpportunitiesbelow).

Wealsohavenotinvestigatedtheconstructvalidityofthe44self-assessmentand44importanceratings,becausetheseareidiographicevaluationsandarenotsubjecttoanyexternaldetermination,eitherfrompeersorfromcomparisonwithmeasuresfromsomeotherinstrument.Theratingsarebasedonanindividual’spersonalspiritualjourneyandlifeexperiences;theyuniquelybelongtotheindividual.Onlytheindividualcandeterminewhetheroneitemisrelativelymoreimportantthananotherintheirspirituallife.Onlytheindividualcanaccuratelydeterminewhetheroneitemisrelativelymoretrueofthemthananother.

WhatCanWeSayAboutReliability?

Testinstrumentsshouldhavetest-retestreliability.Thismeansthatifthetestisadministeredattime1andagainattime2,andthereisnoreasontoexpectsignificantchangesintheratingsoftheitemsbeingmeasuredduringthistimeinterval(e.g.,no“clinical”intervention),thentheratingsattime2shouldnothavechangedsignificantlyfromtheratingsattime1.

Normallyreliabilityisestablishedattheindividualrespondentlevel.DoSpiritMapattributeratingsforindividualsattime1haveahighcorrelationwithattributeratingsforthesameindividualsattime2?WehaveadministeredSpiritMapattwodifferentpointsintime–ayearapart–inonecongregation.However,theseadministrationshavenecessarilybeendoneanonymouslyprecludingtheabilitytolooktest-retestcorrelationsacrossindividuals.Whilenotideal,wecanlookatthecorrelationofself-assessmentmeanscoresforthetwopointsintime3.

Thiscorrelationof0.985suggestsverysimilar,stable,readingsforthe44surveyitemsoverthetwotimeperiods(n=343in2014andn=261in2015).Themaximumcorrelationbetweentwovariablesis1.000.

2Wenotethatall44itemshaveapositivecorrelation(rangingfrom0.10to0.70)withthismeasureofoverallspiritualwell-being.3Inthesecongregationalstudiesweusedaderivedmeasureofimportancebasedontheitemcorrelationswiththeoverallmeasureofspiritualwell-being.Inourworkwithindividualsweuseadirectratingofimportanceasdescribedinthefirstsectionofthispaper(referredtoasaself-explicatedmeasureofimportance).Forthederivedimportancemeasuresthecorrelationofmeanscoresacrossthe44itemsinthetwoadministrationsofthesurveyis0.764.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

17

Thereisasecondkindofreliability:internalconsistencyreliability.Internalconsistencyreliabilityreflectstheextenttowhichasetofitemsismeasuringthesameconstruct.Wereportedpositiveresultsregardinginternalconsistencyaboveinthesectiontitled“PsychometricPropertiesoftheSpiritMapItemsandtheSixFactorSolution”.

ResumeVirtuesvs.EulogyVirtues:ComparisonBetweenStrengthsFinderandSpiritMap

DavidBrooks(2015)discusseseulogyvirtues(howwewanttoberemembered)andresumevirtues(importantforcompetitionwithothers):

Itoccurredtomethatthereweretwosetsofvirtues,therésumévirtuesandtheeulogyvirtues.Therésumévirtuesaretheskillsyoubringtothemarketplace.Theeulogyvirtuesaretheonesthataretalkedaboutatyourfuneral—whetheryouwerekind,brave,honestorfaithful.Wereyoucapableofdeeplove?Weallknowthattheeulogyvirtuesaremoreimportantthantherésuméones.Butourcultureandoureducationalsystemsspendmoretimeteachingtheskillsandstrategiesyouneedforcareersuccessthanthequalitiesyouneedtoradiatethatsortofinnerlight.Manyofusarecleareronhowtobuildanexternalcareerthanonhowtobuildinnercharacter.

ApopularsurveyandanalysistoolcalledStrengthsFinder(fromGallup)dealswithresumevirtues.SpiritMapdealswitheulogyvirtues.SpiritMap,inadditiontoidentifyingyourSignature(Eulogy)Strengths–toparallelthe(Resume)StrengthsofStrengthFinder-alsoidentifiesthoseareas–KeyOpportunities–thatofferopportunitiesforspiritualgrowthanddevelopment.

TheKeyOpportunitiesSpiritMapidentifies,particularlywhenaddressedusingtheSignatureStrengthsSpiritMapidentifies,canhelpclosethegapthatBrooks(2015)says“opensbetweenyouractualselfandyourdesiredself...”when“youliveforexternalachievement,[and]yearspassandthedeepestpartsofyougounexploredandunstructured.Youlackamoralvocabulary...youlivewithanunconsciousboredom,separatedfromthedeepestmeaningoflifeandthehighestmoraljoys.”WorkwithSpiritMap’sSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunitiescanhelpreconnectpeoplewiththeirmeaning,purpose,peaceandjoy.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

18

ContinuingandFutureResearchandDevelopmentOpportunities

SpiritMapoffersarichsetofdata.Fouropportunitiesforcontinuingandfutureresearchanddevelopment:

1:DetermineDomainPatternsinSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunities

First,wewouldperformaConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis(CFA)toaffirmoursix-domainmodelofspiritualwell-being.Then,wewouldstudywhetherthesedomainshelpindevelopinghigher-levelthemesforKeyOpportunitiesandSignatureStrengths.Wewouldlookattheextenttowhichthedomainsofspiritualwell-beingassociatedwithanindividual’sorcongregation’sSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunitiesoverlap.Iftheydon’toverlap,andpreliminaryanalysissuggeststheytendnotto,wewouldexplorethedegreetowhichindividualsorcongregationsfinditusefultoknowwhatdomainofspiritualwell-beingtheirSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunitiesbelongto.

2:DetermineWhatItemsAreRelatedtoSpiritualWell-BeingCategories

Supposewegrouppeopleintooverallspiritualwell-beingcategories,somethinglikethefollowing:

• 9or10=veryhighspiritualwell-being• 7or8=high• 5or6=moderate• 1through4=lowspiritualwell-being

Wecouldthenuseadata-miningtoollikeCARTtodetermineadecision-treetopredictcategorymembershipbasedontheself-assessmentratingsofthe44items.Wecoulddeterminewhichofthe44itemswouldbeinvolvedinpredictingmembershipinagivencategoryandhowwouldtheitemsdiffercategory-to-category.

3:DevelopSpiritualTypes

Wenowhavesufficientsamplesizetoperformastatisticalprocedurecalledclusteranalysistoseeifwecanidentifyfourtosixmeaningfulsegmentsor“SpiritualTypes”Weanticipatefourtosixsegmentsbecausethathasbeenourtypicalresultinmarketingresearchstudies.

Suchsegmentsortypeswoulddifferfromoneanotherintermsofwhatrespondentsinagivensegmentthoughtwereparticularlyimportant(orrelativelyunimportant)tothem.Forexampleonesegmentortypemayindicatethatitemslike“Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow”,“Iamcurioustolearnmoreabouthowtheworldaroundmeworks”,and“Ithinkaboutmyplaceintheuniverse”areparticularlyimportanttothemandotheritemsmuchlessimportantinarelativesense.Anothersegmentortypemayfindthatitemslike“Iseekharmonywithothers”,“Igivetoothersfullyandgenerously”,and“Icaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothers”areparticularlyimportanttothemandotheritemsrelativelylessimportant.Thefirstsegment/typemightbelabeledthe“CuriosityType”,thesecondsegment/typethe“CaringType”.Ouranalysiswouldalsoallowustoestimatethesizeofeachsegment/type,e.g.CuriosityTypesare15%ofthepopulation;CaringTypesare27%.Thiskindofsegmentationanalysisisaroutinemarketingresearchactivity.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

19

4:ComparetheDissonance/HarmonyandDistanceResults

Fisher(2010)introducesthenotionofaharmony/dissonancecalculationasafunctionofthetwomeasurementselicitedforeachitemintheSHALOMsurvey.InourworkingpaperthatcomparesSpiritMapandSHALOM(availableonrequest)wenotehowtheSpiritMapdistancecalculationandthedissonance/harmonycalculationcanleadtodifferentprioritizationsamongmultipleitems.Weneedtobetterunderstandthenatureandimplicationofthesedifferences.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

20

ReferencesBrooks,D.(2015,April11)TheMoralBucketList.RetrievedDecember20,2019from

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/opinion/sunday/david-brooks-the-moral-bucket-list.html

Fisher,J.(2010).DevelopmentandApplicationofaSpiritualWell-BeingQuestionnaireCalledSHALOM.Religions,1,105-121.

Fisher,J.W.(2015).ACritiqueofQuantitativeMeasuresforAssessingSpiritualityandSpiritualWell-Being.InE.C.Roberts(Ed.),Spirituality,GlobalPractices,SocietalAttitudesandEffectonHealth(91-131).NewYork,NY:NovaSciencePublishersInc.

Fisher,J.(2016).SelectingtheBestVersionofSHALOMtoAssessSpiritualWell-Being.Religions7(5),45

Gomez,R.&Fisher,J.W.(2003).Domainsofspiritualwell-beinganddevelopmentandvalidationoftheSpiritualWell-BeingQuestionnaire.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,35(8),1975-1991.

Haynes,S.N.&HayesO’Brien,W.(2000).IdiographicandNomotheticAssessment.InPrinciplesandPracticeofBehavioralAssessment(109-126).NewYork,NY:KluwerAcademic/PlenumPublishers.

Haynes,S.N.,Mumma,G.H.,Pinson,C.(2009).Idiographicassessment:Conceptualandpsychometricfoundationsofindividualizedbehavioralassessment.ClinicalPsychologyReview29,179-191.

Lawshe,C.H.(1975).Aquantitativeapproachtocontentvalidity.PersonnelPsychology,28,563-575.

MeezenbroekE,GaraawnB,vandenBergM,vanDierendonckD,VisserA,SchaufeliW.(2012).MeasuringSpiritualityasaUniversalHumanExperience:AReviewofSpiritualityQuestionnaires.JournalofReligionandHealth51,(2),336-354.

NationalInterfaithCoalitiononAging.(1975).SpiritualWell-Being:ADefinition.Athens,GA.Wikipediacontributors.(2019,April21).Nomotheticandidiographic.InWikipedia,The

FreeEncyclopedia.Retrieved17:06,December20,2019,fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomothetic_and_idiographic&oldid=893406198

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

21

AppendixA–DeterminationofSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunities

SpiritMapcreatesaprioritizingmetricforeachofthe44itemsbasedonastraight-forwarddistancecalculation.Assumptions:Thepoint(10,10)–self-assessmentratinga10,importanceratinga10–representsmaximumstrength.Anitemwiththesecoordinatesisonemaximallyimportantandonethatismaximallytrueofanindividual.ThisitemistheultimateSignatureStrength.Thepoint(1,10)–self-assessmentratinga1,importantratinga10–representsmaximumopportunity.Suchanitemismaximallyimportant,butonethatisminimallytrueforanindividual.ThisitemistheultimateKeyOpportunity.Basedontheseassumptions,SpiritMapperformsthefollowingcalculationsforeachofthe44items.Foritemswithself-assessmentratings>=theaverageself-assessmentrating,calculatethedistancestothepointwithmaximumstrength,(10,10).Thefiveitemsclosest(shortestdistance)to(10,10)areSignatureStrengths.OnthequadrantmapinAppendixBtheseitemsareidentifiedbydiamonds.Foritemswithself-assessmentratings<theaverageself-assessmentrating,calculatethedistancestothepointwithmaximumopportunity,(1,10).Thefiveitemsclosest(shortestdistance)to(1,10)areKeyOpportunities.OnthequadrantmapinAppendixBtheseitemsareidentifiedbycircles.

©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020

22

AppendixB–QuadrantMapExample

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10.5

4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5

Low

er Im

port

ance

H

ighe

r Im

port

nace

Lower Presence Higher Presence

c

Key Opportunity Signature Strength

Greater Opportunity

Greater Strength

Lesser Opportunity Lesser Strength