•Normal bone architecture

Early osteoporotic changes

•Loss of trabeculation

•Increased lacunar space

INVESTIGATIONS

•Rule out other reasons ( Normal chemical parameters)

•Only investigation available to measure bone mass is Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC MEASURES

•Increase bone mass at childhood•Avoid obesity•Exposure to sunlight•Encourage exercises•Calcium intake•Avoid certain medications

Daily Calcium Requirement

•Children 600mg/day•Adolescents (growth spurt) 750mg/day•Adults 1g/day•Pregnant women, postmenopausal and

patients with fractures 1.5g/day•Breast-feeding women 2g/day

How to prevent fractures

•Avoid high strenuous activities•Walking aids•Slippery floors•Healthy bending habits