Post on 22-Jun-2015
description
Nile Basin Development Challenge: Rainwater Management Systems
Tilahun Amede, CPWF Nile Basin Coordinator
Nile Basin Development Challenge Launch Workshop, Addis Ababa, 29 September 2010
The Blue Nile Basin
Significant land and water resources potential but under utilized:
Lack of know how & technologies
Low per capita storage facility
High spatial and temporal variations
Complexity due to trans-boundary nature of rivers
Problems related to supporting institutions, capacity, water use rights, management …etc
• The impact of drought costs 1/3rd of growth potential of Ethiopian economy
Importance of AWM in Ethiopia
Impact of rainfall variability on GDP and Agricultural GDP growth
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
year
%
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
rainfall variability
GDP growth
Ag GDP growth
-GDP Growth: 2002/3 GDP was -3.3%; 2004/5 was 11.9%; 2005/6 was 10.6%
6.4% average growth
Communities in Ethiopian highlands not been able to deal with recurrent drought or flood; ravaged by both. They are ill-equipped to prevent both, loosing precious topsoil and nutrients.
Rain Water Management Options
Baskets of Interventions for Rainwater Management
SWC
WH Pond
Micro damDiversion
Pits
Hand dug wells
Blue Nile basin harbors considerable untapped potential for irrigation but inefficient schemes.
Deforestation in ‘water towers’ allows limited water infiltration and increased runoff rates, decrease soil water availability for crops, and reduce recharge of groundwater;
Protecting water towers of Blue Nile
• Identifying Incentive mechanisms for upper watershed communities
• Develop models to integrate value-adding enterprises (bee farming, dairy, fattening , medicinal…)
• Analysing and improving various local watershed protection policies (area enclosure- not enough)
• Developing less-labour intensive water harvesting structures like half moons, ditches, zai pits..
Amede, 2004
Soil Erosion and land degradation costing the country about USD 7 billion in the last 10 years; ‘Took away history & pride’.
Treatments OM (%)
Control (no conservation) 1.5
6-yrs soil bund + lucerne 2.4
9-yrs soil bund + lucerne 5.0
9-yrs soil bund + vetiver 3.3
9-yrs soil bund 5.5
CV (%) 12.8
SEX 0.23
Nitrogen (%)
0.12
0.17
0.28
0.22
0.28
14.17
0.03 (Yihenew etal, 2008)
Grain Kg/ha
561.3
1284.3
1878.7
1187.5
1712.5
8.1
53.89
So
il l
os
s/R
un
off
(%
Co
ntr
ol)
0
20
40
60
80
100 Run-off Soil loss
Col 1
La
bo
ur
de
ma
nd
(W
ork
da
ys
/ha
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200Labour at 5% Labour at 20% Labour at 50%
Soil erosion loss, Run-off and Labour Requirement for Conservation of Highland Soils.
Sources: SCRP (1996) and Bekele S & S. Holden, 2001
Micro dose
Zai T
ub
er
yie
ld (
t/h
a)
0
4
8
124050607080
Control With ZaiWithout Zai
Tu
ber
yie
ld (
t/h
a)
0123430
4050607080
Tu
ber
yie
ld (
t/h
a)
01234
1215182124
Farm A
Farm B
Farm C
February 2004 October 2005
19
May 2003 October 2005
Photo: Gete Zeleke
Hay production in exclosures (t DM ha-1) Scenario
Depleted water (106 m3)
Biomass production (ton)
Energy production (106 MJ ME)
Energy WP (MJ m-3)
Milk production (1000 kg)
Change in milk WP (%)
1.2 all grazing 2.3 867 7.93 3.5 1454 (measured) exclosure 1.7 784 6.88 4.0 1263 13
2.5 all grazing 2.3 867 7.93 3.5 1454
(maximum) exclosure 1.8 1054 9.04 4.9 1660 40
1
WATER HARVESTING – LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY• Water for livestock drinking in the dry period• Reduction of walking distance to access water: from 9 km to 2 km
• Energy for walking is reduced from 1956 MJ ME / TLU to 584 MJ ME / TLU per year
• (Milk equivalent of 252 litre), water productivity improves by 35%- 75%
Large number of institutions (government, NGOs, CGIAR centres, bilateral and multilateral donor) working on NRM in
the basin; institutional mandates than aligning bigger national agenda.
Major institutional constraints
• Overlaps in mandates; • Inter-sectoral and inter-departmental
communication and coordination;• Lack of clarity and even some conflict
regarding lead responsibilities ; • Ineffective enforcement of regulations; • Lack of systematic monitoring and
evaluation systems; • Continuing de facto reliance on command
and control from the top; and • Constant disruptive re-organizations.
Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC)
• NBDC research will focus on the Ethiopian highlands and will examine the interrelated issues of rainwater management;
• Understanding causes and its consequences of low rainwater productivity;
• Innovations for improving rainwater management systems; addressing poverty, vulnerability and resources degradation in the basin.
Contributing to the efforts i) Crop and livestock water productivity;ii) Managing rainfall variability, iii)Minimizing land degradation and downstream siltation of water
storage infrastructure;iv)Enhancing capacity of institutions communities manage climatic
and market shocks
Improvement through well-targeted combinations of technologies, up-scaling ‘best bets’, policies and institutions, understanding of downstream & cross-scale consequences, facilitating learning, collective action, commitment to change • Nile 1: On learning from the past;• Nile 2: On integrated rainwater
management strategies – technologies, institutions and policies;
• Nile 3: On targeting and scaling out• Nile 4: On assessing and anticipating
consequences of innovation• Nile 5: Nile Coordination and platforms
Nile Basin Leaderi. Managing and leading the Coordination Project
ii. Oversees and coordinates the implementation of the four CPWF-supported research programs designed to tackle pressing BDC; RMS
iii. Ensure coherence and integration of the overall BDC research;
iv. Linking, complementing with and motivating a wider movement, initiatives and organizations who are also working towards addressing the BDC agenda;
v. Together with CPWF M&E team managing M&E and impact assessment of NBDC;
vi. Enabling learning, partnerships and impact;
vii.Facilitating cross-scale innovation and knowledge
Nile 1
• Review and Synthesis of historical perspectives of land, water, NRM research in Ethiopia and progress to date; experiences of programs and projects on rainwater management (RWM) in Ethiopia
• Inventory and characterization of
actors
Nile 2. RMS for Landscape scale (Technologies, policies and institutions;
innovations)
Nile 3. Targeting and up-scaling
Mapping, targeting, up-scaling of bio-physical and institutional interventions affecting RWM strategies
Blanket approaches
Evaluation of scenario’s of best-bet practices
Tools for dissemination / adoption / modification / useof Best Practices for Improved Rainwater systems in Ethiopian highlands
Nile 4: On assessing and anticipating consequences of innovation
Evidence Impact at various levels Downstream effects Upstream effects Policy and institutional shift Economic and social consequences
4. Innovation Capacity Building and Dissemination4.1 Capacity Building4.2 Dissemination
3. Analysis of water productivity savings3.1Green Blue Water Accounting3.2 Analysis of productivity savings3.2 Analysis of waterlogged savings
2. Analysis of best land use systems2.1 Crop and livestock productivity through RMS2.3 LLH analysis2.4 Economic analysis
1. Information on the likely cross-scale consequences1.1 Synthesis of existing knowledge1.2 Develop tools and methods for biophysical1.3 Policy and institutional consequences
Nile 5 objectives 1. Ensure that synergies, lessons and
interactions between the other four Nile BDC projects are fully exploited so that the whole is greater than the sum;
2. Contributing to wider efforts to improve rural livelihoods and their resilience through facilitating rainwater management systems in the Blue Nile basin
Linkages
Sub-regional
Landscape
Farm level
ImpactLearning
Communication
Nile 5.Coordinati
on, platforms
Nile 4. Consequences, impact, tradeoffs
Nile 2. Innovatio
ns, technologi
es , practices
Nile 3. Mapping, targeting. Up-scaling
Nile 1. Inventory
and synthesis
Linkages
Link
ages
Rainwater management is a function of interaction across scales
Level 3… … ……National/regional scales
Creating linkages, capacity building, facilitating learning, up scaling good practices, communication, sharing
evidence for policy, cross-boundary linkages
Level 2… … …… Landscape scalesIntegrating landscape components, minimizing land and water degradation, capacitating local actors, identifying niches and integrating good practices
Level 1… … …… Field plots Producing evidence, quantifying effects,
characterizing impact and facilitating learning
part-of
part-of
Objects
CPWF working principles
• Strong partnership; range of partners, larger network and linkages
• Interdisciplinary research; disciplines and institutions
• Capacity building; mentoring, facilitating • Gender and diversity; ability to participate
in and derive benefit from water • Learning, documentation and
communication • Innovation for action
Innovation for action
• Capitalizing on past and current knowledge
• Strengthen Partnership and networking across scales: to share, to debate, to learn – Identifying existing actors and networks,
characterize them and link with them for collective action;
– Planning in alignment with government initiatives
Effective Communication
BDC level and individual project level ‘internal’ communication and uptake strategies (Wikis, Yammers, blogs, teleconferences);
Capitalizing on existing communication strategies, extension and scaling-up approaches and identifying success cases, where, how and which RWM interventions were effectively adopted and promoted (workshops, publications, media, blogs, platforms, advisory groups));
Outreaching the unreachable: Develop tools and methods for up scaling RWM products, identify channels required and the mechanisms of delivery for specific stakeholder groups
Functional partnership We will have two different types of
partners:1) directly engaged in the project
and share the responsibilities and funds;
2) form the wider network, for whom partnership adds value to what they are already doing will participate in consultations and as targets for influence
NBI / ASARECA/ CRS, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development, and BoARDMinistry of Water Resources of
Ethiopia, BoWR Bahir Dar, Wollega and Ambo
Universities, Cornell University, EIAR, ARAR, OARI, TARIOther implementing agencies such as
SWISHA, RRHN, GTZ, IFAD, ENTRO, etc
Targets Changing practices
Our strategy
Farmers and communities
• Increased innovation and uptake of RWMs / Adoption
• Participatory action research• Incentives for implementations
Development actors(extension, NGOs)
• Tailor interventions to specific niches• Motivation and engagement• Promoting effective RWMs
• Building on existing knowledge• Tools for targeting• Communication materials• Platforms• Distilling lessons
Planners • Use evidence-based tools• Integrated approaches• Recognize trade-offs
• Co-developing agenda• Roundtable discussion• Dissemination workshops
Target clients
Changing practices Our strategy
Policy makers
Increased interest and investment RWMs Functional water policies Institutionalize good practices, institutional arrangements
Improved linkages with technicians Improved communication, policy messages Dissemination tools, media
Regional organizations
Using scaling out methods Evidence based resource allocation Beyond traditional boundaries Commitment to RWMS
Regular updating/ sharing Co-developing policy messages Evidence on targeting Broader Platforms
Investors Invest on demand-driven and high impactCommitment to RWMS
Engaging them Platforms / forums Co-developing the agenda Dissemination tools
Target clients
Changing practices Our strategy
Research-ers
• Broader the scope, beyond specialization• Move towards targeted interventions• Link research to development• Develop Demand-driven interventions
• Co-developing methods and tools• Provide intermediate results• Scientific workshops• Capacity building• Publications• Co-authorship
Issues for Discussion
Moving into non-conventional frontiers, Rainwater
Maintaining & forming unusual partnership
Dealing with diversity & complexity
Farm communities taking charge slowly
Institutional arrangements are complex
Capacity to scale-up complex NRM agenda limited
Non-coherent approaches, institutional mandate
Well come to NBDC!