Nf

N'rNsLIrL

UINCLASSIFIE~DSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wliw Dstota Etarod _________________

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BE NSTRUCPLTINFORM1. REPONT NUMBER a.GV CE5ION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

TECHNICALJ REPOR ARBRL..TR- 2 2 _______________

A-ILTAJ5. TY

VJE -TERMINAL BALLISTICS OF ,aRTAIN 65 GRAM LONG Final~ T,OD PENETRATCT IPACTING TELRMOR.L~ __

I. AUTHOR(a) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(C

John P.bert

I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASKUS Army Ballistic Research Laboratory AE NTNIBR

ATTN: DRDAR-BLTAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 RDT&E 16

1iI CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESSUS Army Armament Research & Development Command y~US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory VR FAEATTN: DRDAR-BLfberdeen Proving CGund- MD 2100S 101____________

14. MOIQA Pifons hrow Contfrolling Offeg) I5. SECORITY :.LASS. (of this t~otf)

~, I UNCLASSIFIED15sa. OECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGKAOING

106. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thie Ropon) r m f

Approved f 1:e reiesse;.. dis.t..,btbiA "._mt

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the obethct entaad in Block 20, ITf rent fromfRaven)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

It. KEY WORDS (Continue on teerms# side iftoco.ear end Identify by block numtber)

Automatic Cannon Technology (ACT)4behind-armor datapenetrator performance

V5 Vr curve

2M. ARFAcr ifr.ie om , svam N naa..7and Idautity by block "''~w' (1 rs)This report presents a comprehensive documentation of experimental data generatefor the ACT (Automatic Cannon Technology) Program (behind-armor data for longrod penetrators, in the 20-40=w size). An adequate kinetic energy penetrator

4 performance data base for long rod penetrators of various designs has beenestpblished. In addition, for some of the rounds, behind-target debris hasbeen analyzed to supply a partial basis for debris characterization. A

FOUM """ 1 EDITIO* or IP

SECU~ryr~isfrCAT~kb IfdS XE(Who" Veto In ad)

-it

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

II. RESULTS AND COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. FUTURE PLANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

APPENDIX A. BASIC RAW DATA . .. . . 15

APPENDIX B. DERIVED Vs, Vr CURVES ...... 33

APPENDIX C. FRAGMENT DATA .............. 57

APPENDIX D. PENETRATION SKETCHES FOR ACT 19 . . . . . 79

APPENDIX E. PREDICTED CURVES ............. 91 I

DISTRIBUTION LIST. . . .. 97

II

,A A..

~ -of

LIST OF ILLUSTRAT:ONS

Figure Page

1. Nominal Penetrator Characteristics ........... 10

2. Steel with High Inclusion Rate ...... . . . . . 13

i g~-1. Vs Vr Curve and D,-a for ACT 1.•.. . . . . 35

B-2. V, Vr Curve and Data for ACT 2 36........... 36B-3. V, Vr Curve and Data for ACT 3 .... . .3.7.. . 37

B-4. Vs, Vr Curve and Data for ACT 4 .. .. . .. . 38

B-5. Vs Vr Curve and Data for ACT 5 39

B-6. V sV rCurve and Data for ACT 6 .. . . . . . 40

B-7. V, Vr Curve and Data for ACT 7 ............. 41"

B-8. Vs Vr Curve and Data for ACT 8 ............. 38 4

B-9. V , Vr Curve and Data for ACT 9 ... .. 43

B-10. Vo, Vr Curve and Data for ACT 0 . .. .. . ..... 44

s r

B-11. V, V Curve and Data for ACT 71 . ... ... * 45 AB-12. Vs Vr Curve and Data for ACT 12 . . .. .. 46

B-13. V, V Curve and Data for ACT 13 . . . . . . . . . 47

B-14. Vs, Vr Curve and Data for ACT 10 .. . ........ . 48s r

B-1. Vs' Vr Curve and Data for ACT 14 . . . * . o * * *

B-15. V V Curve and Data for ACT 1 . . . . . . . . . l . 46

s r

B-16. Vs, V Curve and Data for ACT 13 . . . . . . . . . . .

s r

B-14. Vs, Vr Curve and Data for ACT 14 .. .. .. ... 48 5

B-i7. V V Curve and Data for ACT 15 . . . . . . . . . . . .B-18. V V r Creand Data for ACT 16 . . . . . . . . . . .. .

B-19 V Vr Curve an50afrAC 9 ....

B-20. V s V rCurve and Data for ACT 171 . . . . . . . . . 0 5

B-21. Vs, Vr Curve and Data for ACT 3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

8-0 uv n aafr C .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont)

Figure Page

B-22. Vs, V Curve and Data for ACT 3.2 . . ....... . 56

5 rC-I. Coordinate Systea Depicting Angles X and t . . . * . . . 59

D-1. Sketch for Round 264 ............ . . 81

0-2. Sketch for Round 263 . . . ..... . . 82

D-3. Sketch fur Round 262 . . . . . . . .... 83

D-4. Sketch for Round 261 . . .. ...... . . . • 84

D-S. Sketch for Round 265 . . .. .. . . .. , . 85

D-6. Sketch for Round 260 .... . . . . . ( a . 86

D-7. Sketch for Round 259 . . .0 0 0 0 0. 0 . . . 87

D-8. Sketch for Round 258 ..... * • . .% . • # ... 6. 88

D-9. Photograph of Sectioned Targets and Residual

E-1. Predicted Vs, Vr Curve for ACT 16 .. . . . . . . 93

E-2. Predicted Vs, V Curve for ACT 17 .. .. . . . . . . 94

E-3. Predicted Vs, Vr Curve for ACT 18 ........ . *.95

E-4. Predicted V V Curve for ACT 19 ... ........ 96S

'I 6

'p

--- * -W W$1

LIST OF TABLES

Ta I e Page

Y.Ballistic Limit Velocities and Series Characteristics *.12

1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to present a comprehensive documentationof experimental data generated in a small scale firing program withinthe ACT Project*. Chief objectives were:

# to assure an adequate kinetic energy penetrator performance database for rarious long rod peutetrator designs and

e to describe behind-target debris - mass, trajectory, speed and

type of individual fragments - associated with some rounds andto thereby supply a partial basis for debris characterization.

Targets used in the firing program were single pfate rolled homo-geneous armor (RHA) measuring 15.24 x 30.48cm for normal impact shotsand 15.24 x 45.72cm for oblique incidence with thicknesses rangingfrom 1.91 to 5.08cm. Penetrators were rods (right circular cylinderswith hemispherical noses) having length to diameter (L/D) ratios of5, 10 and 20. The predominant penetrator composition was of monolithic:AISI-S7 tool steel of finished hardness R 55 but other designs and

other materials were used to some extent; c.f. Figure 1 for penetratorcharacteristics. Impact obliquities were 00, 450 and 600.

In large part, the essence of this report is confined to the fiveappendices; indeed, our most compelling purpose is to disseminate,for the first time in anywhere near complete form, data that thisprogram has been sporadically yielding over several years.

Basic raw data from the shots is provided in Appendix A and ispartitioned, according to penetrator/target situation. into 23 serieslabelled ACT 1 through ACT 20 and ACT '.1, ACT 3.1 and ACT v.2.Twenty-two of these series (all but ACT 3.2, in which there is onlyone round with an acceptable level of yaw) were considered suitablefor determination of Vs, V curves and limit velocities. DerivedVs, tr curves for these 22 cases aze given in Appendix B. A summary

of processed behind-target fragmentation data for selected rounds issupplied in Appendix C. In Appendix D we attempt, in a sequence ofrough sketches, to illustrate the pre-impact and residual penetratorsin perspective with an appropriate target plate section for eachround of ACT 19. Appendix E provides (for the later set of shots)for a comparison between derived V5 , Vr curves and a predictive

model that has been formulated for dealing with long rod penetrators.

* ~eT "Autunatic Cannon Technology" project of which theeffort of concern here was but a srrall part.

9

,Q u

V

" . CI I"N

o So

LL MI 5'If A

~~In

(?

101

U!

I ! ,11 II

- o.. _.._I__

This program has unfolded in three phases invoiving distinctly

different time periods, different range personnel and practices, and

different project managers; such diversity has regrettably and inescapablybeen adverse to an orderly, coherent, productive effort. It is, forexample, exceedingly difficult now to adjudge the quality of datagenerated early in the program, to interpret cryptic notes on old datasheets, or retrieve misplaced information. The case for standardization

in data organization and in testing is clear.

II. RESULTS AND COMMENTS

The experimental setup and multiple flash x-ray system used torecord ballistic performance data are described in BRL TechnicalNote lt34. A sunmmary of ballistic limits and geometries for thevarious test series is given in Table I. Minutiae are to be foundin Appendices A-E. In perusing the data, the following remarksshould be kept in mind:

a. The parameters a, p, and V of Table I are derived from the

"good" data of the series. By a "good" round is meant a shot forwh~ich total initial penetrator yaw does not exceed 2.5so .

b. fhe penetrators in ACT I through ACT 15 (including ACT 1.1,

ACT 3. ,and ACT 3.2) were of monolithic AISI-S7 tool steel havingfinished hardness of R 55. The steel for ACT 16 through ACT 20 was

also of finished hardness R 55 and would have been AISI-S7 but forcthe inadvertent lack of molybdenum as an alloying agent.

c. ACT 16 and ACT 19 employed monolithic steel penetzators;ACT 17 penetrators were of two-piece steel (steel cap on stevl :tem);and, in ACT 18 and ACT 20, the penetrators were steel (R 55) withtungsten alloy caps (R 42). c

c1. The steel used in rounds 231 through 268 'ACT 16 through

ACT 4") was VIMVAP* processed. The difference made by this changein pr~cessing is especially noticeable when comparing data foThe sL el used in some of the penetrators oZ ACT 1i had a very highinclusio rate (Figure 2), ccntributing no doubt to the large scatterin the cata for thfs series. ACT 19 is a recreation of ACT 11 (withthe slig '. difference in penetrator material noted previously aldthe diff "-nt processing).

lGrabarek, C. and Herr, L., "X-Ray Multi-Flash System for Measurement 0fProjectile .'" ,rforrnnce at the Target", BRL TN 1, 634, September 1966(AD 377657).

IM a

1-1

* --

rw N a, w m n tw

.H

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Figure 2. Steel with High Inclusion Rate

13J

e. Finally, we note that the V s V r tests from ACT 16 on are

significantly more economical of shots - there were no shots lost (in

the sense of being unsuitable for deriving a Vs , Vr curve) due to

excessive yaw. Indeed, in rounds 231 through 268, only one round (234)proved unsuitable.

III. FUTURE PLANS

Further exploitation of the data generated in the ACT program

continues. A report on penetrator residual mass variation with impact

energy and target geometry may be anticipated.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author acknowledges the contributions of Messrs.

Antonio J. Ricchiazzi and Peter G. Morfogenis, the previous principal

investigators for the terminal ballistics portion of the ACT Program.

Thanks are also due to Messrs. John Koval and Dale Smith under whose

supervision the experimental data was generated in the Terminal

Ballistics Division Small Caliber Ranges. Messrs. Frank Dubois,

John Cullum and Robert Schnick, among others, assisted in the reduction

of the data.

14

!-

VF

APPENDIX A

BASIC RAW DATA

isi

15 1A4

4

APPENDIX A: BASIC RAW DATA

Notation:

# Round number

M Penetrator mass, grams

L Penetrator length, centimeters

D Penetrator diameter, centimeters7

T Target thickness, centimeters

H Target hardness, BHN

cc Vertical penetrator yaw at impact, degrees

Horizontal penetrator yaw at impact, degrees

6 Total penetrator yaw at impact, degrees

Vs Striking penetrator velocity (speed), meters/second

V Residual penetrator velocity (speed), meters/secondr

M Recovered residual penetrator mass, gramsrM Estimated (from radiographs) residual penetrator mass, gramsr

Mass loss of target plate, grams

Cone angle of residual penetrator path, degrees

Phase angle of residual penetrator path, degrees

Indicates that item is not applicable; e.g., cone angle, etc.if Vr = 0

A Indicates that item is applicable but unknown

Key to Remarks:

1 - Total yaw exceeds 2 1/2, round not used in V£ determination

2 - Perforation but V not obtainable, round not used in Vdetermination

3 - Non-perforation, small bulge in rear target surface

4 - Non-perforation, large bulge in rear target surface

5 Non-perforation, rear target surface fractured

6 Rod slightly bent at launch

7 - Perforation, penetrator severely shattered

8 - Penetrator made from "dirty material"

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APPENDIX B

DERIVED Vs, Vr CURVES

33

APPENDIX B: DERIVED Vs, V CURVESs r

This section is comprised of the Vs, Vr curves derived from the

experimental data of Appendix A. The standard form used to representdependence of residual velocity on striking velocity is

with the constraints, p > 1 and 0 < a <1.

Values for the limit velocity, V., and the other parameters, a and

p, are derived via a non-linear least squares algorithm which extractsan optimal adaptation of the form to the data. For an elaboration onthe above form and related methodology, see BRL Report 18522. Thereis available at the Terminal Ballistics Division of the BRL a programin BASIC, called "Impact", which contains the algorithm and providesgraphic capability; we have used this program to derive parameters forour various data sets and to generate the following figures. Vs, V

s rdata corresponding to rounds for which the total yaw of the penetratorat impact exceeded 2 1/20 was excluded from this analysis. In eachfigure "S" denotes the root mean square error associated with the fitof form to data.

I ,I

2Lonbert, J. P. and Jonas, G. H., "Towards Standardization in Terminal

Ballistic Testing: Velocity Representation", BRL Report 1852,

January 1976 (AD A021389).

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APPENDIX C

FRAGMENT DATA

57

APPENDIX C: FRAGMENT DATA

Summary of processed 3 behind-target fragmentation data for 29selected rounds.

Notation

Type - P: penetrator fragment- T: target fragment (spall particle)

Cone - Cone angle of fragment trajectory: the acute anglebetween the fragment path and the initial penetratorpath. c.f., Figure C-i.

Phase - Phase angle of fragment trajectory: the angle, between0 and 360 degrees and measured clockwise as perceivedfrom the target hole, between the vertical upward directionand the projection of the fragment path on a plane behindthe target orthogonal to the initial penetrator path.c.f., Figure C-i.

3Arbuokle, A. L., Herr., E. L. and Ricchiazzi, A. J., "A ComputerizedMethod of Obtaining Behind-the-Target Data from Orthogonal FlashRadiographs" BRL Memorandum Report 2264, January 1973 (AD 908362L).

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APPENDIX D

PENETRATION SKETCHES FOR ACT 19

F 79

APPENDIX D: PENETRATION SKETCHES FOR ACT 19

We attempt, in a sequence of rough sketches, to illustrate the pre-impact and residual penetrator (and/or "plug") and target plate sectionfor rounds 258 through 265 (which constitute ACT 19). Figures are(roughly) 3/4 of actual size and the attempt is to convey approximatepositioning and shape. In each sketch the initial penetrator position(with respect to the target plate) is representative of the situation50 psec before impact and (except for Round 264) the residual penetratorsuggests the situation 50 psec after perforation is complete (i.e.,after the tail of the penetrator clears the rear target surface).

We recall that ACT 19 involves L/D of 10 monolithic steel penetratorsimpacting 1" RHA at 600 obliquity. Mr is used to denote recovered

residual penetrator mass. Ordering of the sketches reflects an increas-ing sequence of striking velocities.

Following the sketches is a photograph of the sectioned targetplates for these shots together with a representative originalpenetrator and recovered residual penetrators. In the photograph A isused to denote mass loss of the target plate. In a few cases there isa small discrepancy between the velocities given in the sketches andthose on the photograph - those in the sketches are derived from alater, presumably more careful "reading" of the radiographs and areregarded as the official values. The sequence of rounds in the photo-graph is as follows:

top row, left to right - Rounds 264, 263, 262, 261

bottom row, left to right- Rounds 265, 260, 259, 258

Remarks: Each plate shows an indention on the upper front surface -

these "Lips" were formed by pusher plates impacting the targets andare not consequent to penetrator/target interaction.

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APPENDIX E

PREDICTED CURVES

91

APPENDIX E: PREDICTED CURVES

A predictive scheme has been formulated for obtaining limit velocityand Vs, Vr curve estimates for situations involving long rod penetrators

and single plate RHA targets ; pertinent equations are given below.For the final phase of this firing program, these equations were usedto generate initial estimates of limit velocity (and of the full Vs, V

relationship). Figures on the following pages provide for graphiccomparison between the Vs, Vr curve predicted for the nominal situation

and that derived from the experimental data for each of ACTS 16, 17, 18and 19. In each case the data and predicted curve are graphed, and the

derived curve, which also appears in Appendix B, is plotted as adashed curve.

The predictive scheme is specified by:

0, if 0 < V s < VX

Vr

a(VsP-V£PIP if V > V£

where Ma= M+WR73 p 2 + z13,

an Vi f=z D3

75 .z sec e, f(z) = z+e-z - .

D - " z, p = 7 8,4

and where L, D, T are in centimeters, M in grams, V in m/s.

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