NationalismNationalism

World War II is one of the most World War II is one of the most important and glorious chapters of important and glorious chapters of American History. The actions of American History. The actions of the US in WWII were completely the US in WWII were completely and totally justified and unselfish and totally justified and unselfish and without fault.and without fault.

Causes of World War IICauses of World War II

NationalismNationalismMilitarismMilitarismTreaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Causes of World War IICauses of World War II

AppeasementAppeasementTotalitarianismTotalitarianismImperialismImperialismIsolationismIsolationism

Great Britain * AlliesGreat Britain * Allies

Traditionally has a strong navy.Traditionally has a strong navy.Large overseas empire.Large overseas empire.Followed policy of Appeasement Followed policy of Appeasement

until Poland was invaded.until Poland was invaded.Barely survived Battle of Dunkirk.Barely survived Battle of Dunkirk.Won the Battle of Britain.Won the Battle of Britain.

France * AlliesFrance * Allies

Controls the disputed territory Controls the disputed territory of Alsace-Lorraine.of Alsace-Lorraine.

Fears another German Fears another German Invasion.Invasion.

Maginot Line - Largest Army in Maginot Line - Largest Army in Europe.Europe.

United States * AlliesUnited States * Allies

IsolationistIsolationistFranklin D. Roosevelt {2nd term}Franklin D. Roosevelt {2nd term}Suffering from Great DepressionSuffering from Great DepressionPassed Neutrality Laws in 1935Passed Neutrality Laws in 1935Enters war December 7, 1941Enters war December 7, 1941

Soviet Union * AlliesSoviet Union * Allies

1917-19911917-1991Totalitarian State Totalitarian State Joseph StalinJoseph StalinInvaded by Germany Invaded by Germany

June 22,1941June 22,1941

Germany * AxisGermany * Axis

Defeated during WWIDefeated during WWIPunished by the Treaty of Punished by the Treaty of

VersaillesVersaillesSuffers greatly during world wide Suffers greatly during world wide

depressiondepressionDemocracy seems to have failed.Democracy seems to have failed.

Germany *Axis Germany *Axis

Adolf Hitler appointed chancellor Adolf Hitler appointed chancellor in 1933.in 1933.

Hitler given dictatorial powers by Hitler given dictatorial powers by the Reichstag in 1934.the Reichstag in 1934.

Hitler declares himself Fuhrer.Hitler declares himself Fuhrer.Totalitarian StateTotalitarian State

Germany * AxisGermany * Axis

Nazi - National Socialist German Nazi - National Socialist German Workers Party.Workers Party.

Believe in a strong Central Govt..Believe in a strong Central Govt..Strong military.Strong military.German race is superior.German race is superior.Hitler was the party leader.Hitler was the party leader.

Nuremburg Laws 1935Nuremburg Laws 1935

Cannot practice medicineCannot practice medicineSegregated public trans.Segregated public trans.Restricted shopping hoursRestricted shopping hours8:00pm curfew8:00pm curfewWear the star of DavidWear the star of DavidAnti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

`̀

Italy * AxisItaly * Axis

Benito MussoliniBenito MussoliniWanted to re-establish Roman Empire.Wanted to re-establish Roman Empire.

FascismFascismNation is more important than individuals.Nation is more important than individuals.

Totalitarian StateTotalitarian State Invaded Ethiopia 10-17-1935Invaded Ethiopia 10-17-1935

Japan * AxisJapan * Axis

Emperor HirohitoEmperor HirohitoTotalitarian StateTotalitarian StateThe Great War for ExpansionThe Great War for Expansion

No natural resourcesNo natural resourcesMilitary controls country.Military controls country.Attacked Pearl HarborAttacked Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941December 7, 1941

Neutrality Laws 1935-37Neutrality Laws 1935-37

No transporting of weapons to No transporting of weapons to warring nations.warring nations.

Materials must be sold on a Materials must be sold on a cash and carry basis.cash and carry basis.

Americans cannot travel on Americans cannot travel on ships of warring nations.ships of warring nations.

Munich PactMunich Pact

Germany, Britain, FranceGermany, Britain, FranceSudetenlandSudetenlandLebensraumLebensraumAppeasement – Appeasement – Neville ChamberlainNeville ChamberlainOctober 1938October 1938

Poland Invaded by GermanyPoland Invaded by Germany

September 1, 1939September 1, 1939Official Start of WWIIOfficial Start of WWIIGreat Britain and France declare Great Britain and France declare

war on Germany.war on Germany.August 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-August 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-

Aggression Pact.Aggression Pact.Poland falls in 30 days.Poland falls in 30 days.

Lend LeaseLend Lease

War materials sent to Britain War materials sent to Britain without payment.without payment.

Later extended to the Soviet Union.Later extended to the Soviet Union.

Reversal of Neutrality Laws.Reversal of Neutrality Laws.

Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter

War aims of the Allies.War aims of the Allies.Written and signed by Churchill and Written and signed by Churchill and

Roosevelt.Roosevelt.Self-Determination-Self-Determination-May 1941 - 79% Americans against May 1941 - 79% Americans against

war.war.Oct 1941 Oct 1941 Reuben James Reuben James sunk still sunk still

unwilling to go to war.unwilling to go to war.

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

December 7, 1941December 7, 1941Japan bombs US Navy and Japan bombs US Navy and

Army bases in Hawaii without Army bases in Hawaii without warning.warning.

US enters the war.US enters the war.

US MilitaryUS Military

16,000,00016,000,0001,000,0001,000,000400,000400,00070% Army70% Army26% Navy26% Navy4% Marines4% Marines

Korematsu Korematsu v. v.

United StatesUnited States

(1945)(1945)• During World War II, just after Pearl Harbor, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and During World War II, just after Pearl Harbor, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and

congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage.from areas deemed critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage.

• The federal government targeted anyone of Japanese descent living within 60 miles of the The federal government targeted anyone of Japanese descent living within 60 miles of the west coast of the United States. 140,000 Japanese Americans living in California, Oregon and west coast of the United States. 140,000 Japanese Americans living in California, Oregon and Washington were first subject to a curfew and later rounded up and interned at what were Washington were first subject to a curfew and later rounded up and interned at what were called Assembly Centers, but were essentially jails.called Assembly Centers, but were essentially jails.

• In In Hirabayashi v. United States Hirabayashi v. United States (1943) the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the curfew (1943) the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the curfew order was constitutional. But the next case overshadowed order was constitutional. But the next case overshadowed HirabayashiHirabayashi..

• Fred Korematsu was born in San Francisco, tried to join the military but was denied for health Fred Korematsu was born in San Francisco, tried to join the military but was denied for health reasons, and instead worked as a welder in the defense industry.reasons, and instead worked as a welder in the defense industry.

• He was engaged to an Italian-American woman and decided to undergo plastic surgery to He was engaged to an Italian-American woman and decided to undergo plastic surgery to convince authorities that he was of Spanish-Hawaiian origin.convince authorities that he was of Spanish-Hawaiian origin.

• Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army.of the U.S. Army.

Justice Hugo Black for the 6-3 MajorityJustice Hugo Black for the 6-3 Majority• The Court sided with the government and The Court sided with the government and

held that the need to protect against held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights. espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights.

• Justice Black argued that compulsory Justice Black argued that compulsory exclusion, though constitutionally suspect exclusion, though constitutionally suspect due to its racial classification, is justified due to its racial classification, is justified during circumstances of "emergency and during circumstances of "emergency and peril.“peril.“

• ““Korematsu was not excluded from the Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire, because at war with the Japanese Empire, because the properly constituted military authorities the properly constituted military authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security felt constrained to take proper security measures, because they decided that the measures, because they decided that the military urgency of the situation demanded military urgency of the situation demanded that all citizens of Japanese ancestry be that all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated from the West Coast segregated from the West Coast temporarily, and, finally, because Congress, temporarily, and, finally, because Congress, reposing its confidence in this time of war in reposing its confidence in this time of war in our military leaders — as inevitably it must our military leaders — as inevitably it must — determined that they should have the — determined that they should have the power to do just this.”power to do just this.”

Strict ScrutinyStrict Scrutiny

The government has the burden The government has the burden of proving that its challenged of proving that its challenged policy is constitutional. To policy is constitutional. To withstand strict scrutiny, the withstand strict scrutiny, the government must show that its government must show that its policy is necessary to achieve a policy is necessary to achieve a compelling state interestcompelling state interest

• ““This exclusion goes over ‘the very brink of This exclusion goes over ‘the very brink of constitutional power’ and falls into the ugly abyss constitutional power’ and falls into the ugly abyss of racism.”of racism.”

• ““The judicial test of whether the Government, on a The judicial test of whether the Government, on a plea of military necessity, can validly deprive and plea of military necessity, can validly deprive and individual of any of his constitutional rights is individual of any of his constitutional rights is whether the deprivation is reasonably related to a whether the deprivation is reasonably related to a public danger that is so ‘immediate, imminent, public danger that is so ‘immediate, imminent, and impending’ as not to admit delay and not to and impending’ as not to admit delay and not to permit the intervention of ordinary constitutional permit the intervention of ordinary constitutional processes to alleviate the danger.”processes to alleviate the danger.”

• ““I dissent from the legalization of racism. Racial I dissent from the legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in any form and in any degree has discrimination in any form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way of life. All residents of this nation are kin in some of life. All residents of this nation are kin in some way by blood or culture to a foreign land. Yet they way by blood or culture to a foreign land. Yet they are primarily and necessarily a part of the new are primarily and necessarily a part of the new and distinct civilization of the United States. They and distinct civilization of the United States. They must accordingly be treated at all times as the must accordingly be treated at all times as the heirs of the American experiment and as entitled heirs of the American experiment and as entitled to all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the to all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.”Constitution.”

Justice Frank Murphy DissentingJustice Frank Murphy Dissenting

• ““While an unconstitutional order While an unconstitutional order will only last as long as the will only last as long as the conflict, a judicial construction of conflict, a judicial construction of the due process clause that will the due process clause that will this order is a far more subtle this order is a far more subtle blow to liberty than the order blow to liberty than the order itself.”itself.”

• ““The Court for all time has The Court for all time has validated the principle of a racial validated the principle of a racial discrimination in criminal discrimination in criminal procedure and of transplanting procedure and of transplanting American citizens. The principle American citizens. The principle then lies about like a loaded then lies about like a loaded weapon ready for the hand of weapon ready for the hand of any authority that can bring any authority that can bring forward a plausible claim of an forward a plausible claim of an urgent need.”urgent need.”

Justice Robert Jackson Justice Robert Jackson DissentingDissenting

Korematsu Korematsu AftermathAftermath• Handed down the same day at Handed down the same day at

KorematsuKorematsu, the Court held in , the Court held in Ex parte Ex parte Endo Endo (1945) that while exclusion was (1945) that while exclusion was constitutional, citizens deemed “loyal” constitutional, citizens deemed “loyal” must be set free. This decision helped must be set free. This decision helped lead to the re-opening of the West Coast lead to the re-opening of the West Coast for resettlement by Japanese-Americans. for resettlement by Japanese-Americans.

• The 1948 Japanese-Americans Claims The 1948 Japanese-Americans Claims Act allowed camp detainees to receive Act allowed camp detainees to receive compensation for their losses. The compensation for their losses. The government received $131 million in government received $131 million in claims, and paid $38 million to settle claims, and paid $38 million to settle them. them.

• In 1988, President Reagan signed the In 1988, President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, which gave $20,000 in Civil Liberties Act, which gave $20,000 in reparations to each of the 75,000 reparations to each of the 75,000 surviving camp detainees, as well as an surviving camp detainees, as well as an apology for their losses of liberty and apology for their losses of liberty and property.property.

• In 1998, President Clinton awarded Fred In 1998, President Clinton awarded Fred Korematsu the Presidential Medal of Korematsu the Presidential Medal of Freedom.Freedom.

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Prime Minister of Prime Minister of Great Britain Great Britain during WWII.during WWII.

Strong will and Strong will and personality personality helped the British helped the British survive the Blitz.survive the Blitz.

Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt

Liberal - Liberal - DemocratDemocrat

Elected to Four Elected to Four terms.terms.

Crippled by PolioCrippled by PolioWealthy FamilyWealthy FamilyCo-wrote Atlantic Co-wrote Atlantic

CharterCharter

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin

Premier of the Premier of the Soviet Union Soviet Union from 1924-1953from 1924-1953

20 million killed 20 million killed in labor camps in labor camps during his during his tenure.tenure.

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler

Leader of the Third Leader of the Third ReichReich

WWI veteranWWI veteran Born in Austria.Born in Austria. Arrested in 1923 Arrested in 1923

and jailed for and jailed for treason.treason.

Committed Suicide Committed Suicide in 1945in 1945

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Fascist dictator of Italy.Italy.

Known as IL Known as IL DUCE.DUCE.

Made Italy’s Made Italy’s economy stable.economy stable.

Made the trains run Made the trains run on time.on time.

The Big ThreeThe Big Three

Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin USSR.USSR.

Franklin Franklin Roosevelt USARoosevelt USA

Winston Churchill Winston Churchill Great Britain. Great Britain.

At Tehran Conf.At Tehran Conf.

Dwight D EisenhowerDwight D Eisenhower

During WWII During WWII was the Allied was the Allied Commander in Commander in Europe.Europe.

After WWII was After WWII was the commander the commander of NATO Troops.of NATO Troops.

34th President34th President

George S PattonGeorge S Patton

Veteran of Veteran of Pershing’s Pershing’s Expedition into Expedition into Mexico.Mexico.

WWI VeteranWWI VeteranMost feared Most feared

Allied General.Allied General.Liberated Liberated

BuchenwaldBuchenwald

Montgomery & PattonMontgomery & Patton

Field marshal Field marshal Montgomery was Montgomery was the leading the leading British British commander.commander.

Patton and Patton and Montgomery did Montgomery did not get along.not get along.

Harry S TrumanHarry S Truman

WWI veteranWWI veteranSenator from Senator from

MissouriMissouriFDR’s Vice Pres.FDR’s Vice Pres.33rd President33rd PresidentDropped the Dropped the

bomb on Japan.bomb on Japan.

Operation BarbarosaOperation Barbarosa

June 22, 1941June 22, 1941German Invasion of Soviet UnionGerman Invasion of Soviet UnionBlitzkrieg ineffectiveBlitzkrieg ineffective

Vast distancesVast distancesSpring rains/ Russian WinterSpring rains/ Russian WinterScorched Earth PolicyScorched Earth Policy

Operation TorchOperation Torch

19421942Allied Invasion of North AfricaAllied Invasion of North AfricaOpens a second front against Opens a second front against

GermanyGermanyAllied Victory.Allied Victory.

Casablanca ConferenceCasablanca Conference

January 1943January 1943Meet for the first time near the Meet for the first time near the

front during the war.front during the war.Winston ChurchillWinston ChurchillFranklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt

Unconditional Surrender.Unconditional Surrender.

Operation OverlordOperation OverlordD-DayD-Day

June 6, 1944June 6, 1944Allied invasion of France.Allied invasion of France.Largest amphibious assault in Largest amphibious assault in

history.history.Along 5 beaches of Normandy.Along 5 beaches of Normandy.Dwight D Eisenhower Dwight D Eisenhower

commander.commander.

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge

December 1944 - January 1945December 1944 - January 1945German counter-attackGerman counter-attackSlows down American advance Slows down American advance

into Germany.into Germany.Allied VictoryAllied Victory

VE DayVE Day

May 8, 1945May 8, 1945Germany surrendersGermany surrenders

Atomic WeaponsAtomic Weapons

Germany was Germany was working to develop working to develop Atomic bombs.Atomic bombs.

V-2 rockets were V-2 rockets were hitting London with hitting London with regular bombs in regular bombs in 1944.1944.

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea

May 1942May 1942Stops Japanese advance Stops Japanese advance

toward Australia.toward Australia.US victoryUS victoryBetween ship launched Between ship launched

aircraft on both sides.aircraft on both sides.

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

June 1942June 1942Stops Japanese advance west.Stops Japanese advance west.Half way between Japan and Half way between Japan and

Hawaii.Hawaii.US victory.US victory.Japan is no longer an offensive Japan is no longer an offensive

threat.threat.

TermsTerms

Island HoppingIsland HoppingKamikazeKamikazeManhattan Manhattan

ProjectProjectPT - 109PT - 109Iwo JimaIwo Jima

Iwo JImaIwo JIma

8 square mile island.8 square mile island.Required for airbases.Required for airbases.

Land based bombers could hit Land based bombers could hit Japan.Japan.

Fighter escort would be Fighter escort would be available.available.

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

20,000 Japanese troops 20,000 Japanese troops heavily fortified.heavily fortified.800 pillbox, 3 miles of tunnels.800 pillbox, 3 miles of tunnels.Fortifying had gone on for Fortifying had gone on for

years.years.

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

70,000 US Marines invade, 70,000 US Marines invade, 20,000 Japanese defending.20,000 Japanese defending.

Battle lasts 26 days.Battle lasts 26 days.

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

US 6,821 killedUS 6,821 killed19,217 wounded19,217 woundedBattle fatigue 2,648Battle fatigue 2,648

20,000 Japanese KIA20,000 Japanese KIA

Important DatesImportant Dates

July 16, 1945July 16, 1945

August 6, 1945August 6, 1945

August 9, 1945August 9, 1945

August 15, August 15, 19451945

September 2, September 2, 19451945

HiroshimaHiroshima

August 6, 1945August 6, 194570,000-100,000 killed by the 70,000-100,000 killed by the

blast.blast.Five square miles destroyed.Five square miles destroyed.Another 100,000Another 100,000

NagasakiNagasaki

August 9, 1945August 9, 194540,000 – 90,000 killed by the 40,000 – 90,000 killed by the

blast.blast.Another 100,000Another 100,000

TokyoTokyo

March 9, 1945March 9, 1945Tokyo fire bombed.Tokyo fire bombed.100,000 killed100,000 killed3 million homeless3 million homeless

Final SolutionFinal Solution

Nazi attempt to erase the Nazi attempt to erase the Jewish Race.Jewish Race.

1942-19451942-194512 million people12 million people6 million Jews6 million Jews

Final SolutionFinal Solution

The Nuremburg Laws of The Nuremburg Laws of 34,35,36 evolved into the Final 34,35,36 evolved into the Final Solution.Solution.

German public was unarmed German public was unarmed by gun laws 1938.by gun laws 1938.