Name Michelangelo’s most famous painting & sculpture.

• Sistene Chapel

• David

What period did Rafael belong to?

• High Renaissance

Name two characteristics of the nation state.

• Taxes• Standing army• Bureaucracy• Support of townspeople

Who was the father of Humanism?

• Petrarch

What political structure did the strong nation state replace?

• Feudal monarchy

What Treaty kept the City-States unified against outside threat?

• Treaty of Lodi

Which emperor united the Spanish and Austrian sides of the

Habsburg empire?

• Charles V

What were the three main characteristics of the Spanish

Empire in America?

• Roman Cath.

• Social hierarchy

• Econ. Dependence

Who was the most popular classical figure during the

Renaissance?

• Plato

Who hoped that a strong Italian ruler would come from the

Medicis?

• Machiavelli

What was Castiglione’s main emphasis?

• Proper behavior for every situation

Name the three main components of the colonial economy in Latin

America.

• Mining

• Shipping

• Farming

What was Erasmus’ philosophy a combination of?

• Christian and classical beliefs

Who conquered the Incas? The Aztecs?

• Pizarro

• Cortes

Name three countries where strong nation-states developed.

• Spain

• France

• England

Name two key places where they did not.

• Italy

• HRE

What alliance was formed to remove the French from Italy?

• League of Venice

Name the Popes of this era that were more political than spiritual.

• Julius II

• Alexander VI

Name the work and author that describe an ideal society that will

never exist.

• Utopia, Thomas More

The Age of Exploration was driven by desire for what two

things?

• Spices

• Precious metals

What work and author focused on man’s ability to determine his

destiny?

• Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico Della Mirandola

What two noble houses fought in the War of the Roses?

• Lancasters

• Yorks

What English dynasty emerges from the War of the Roses?

• Tudor (starting with Henry VII)

Why is Machiavelli’s emphasis on virtu so humanist?

• Strong individual

• Classical source (Rome)

Who was the Renaissance Man?

• Leonardo da Vinci

How did Renaissance Art differ from art from the Middle Ages?

• Realism

• Accurate anatomy

• Secular patronage

What economic developments allowed for secular patronage of

the arts?

• Increased trade

• Banking

What major war of the Middle Ages helped unify France &

England individually by pitting them against each other?

• 100 Years War

Identify the two major northern humanists.

• More

• Erasmus

How was the subject matter of the Northern Ren. a departure

from the High Ren?

• Gothic

• Supernatural

What issue caused a split between Thomas More & Henry

VIII?

• Henry’s desire for a divorce

Who did Alexander VI try to install as ruler of Romagna?

• Cesare Borgia, his son

Who was the first to “invite the French over the Alps” and break

the Treaty of Lodi?

• Ludovico il Moro of Milan

What was the “virtu” that Machiavelli so valued?

• The ability to act heroically & decisively

Who was the “German master” of Northern Ren. Painting?

• Albrecht Durer

Who were the “crazy dutchmen” of the Northern Ren.?

• Bosch

• Bruegel

Who was the “Spider King” who ruled France at the peak of its

power in the 1400s?

• Louis XI

What was the primary requirement for being a

Renaissance Prince?

• Power

What technological process that preceded movable metal type

made mass printing more feasible?

• Cheaper paper

List two reasons the church feared the humanists.

• Self-reliance

• Outside interpretations

• Authorities other than God

What is the message of Boccaccio’s Decameron?

• Beware of immoral behavior

What two entities did Erasmus compare in trying to demonstrate

the true nature of Xianity?

• Christ

• The modern clergy

What kind of activity did Petrarch inspire?

• Examination of the classics

• Writing related to them

Name 4 of the major Italian city-states.

• Venice• Florence• Milan• Pisa• Genoa, • Romagna (Papal States)

What did the competing political factions of the Renaissance use to

communicate with the masses?

• Art that they patronized

Identify two classical features that were prominent in Ren.

Architecture.

• Domes

• Columns

• Roman arches

• Ornamentation

• Integrated supports

Which two nations were most involved in the exploration of the

“New World” during the Renaissance?

• Spain

• Portugal

What did Ferdinand & Isabelle do (besides get married) to unify

the nation of Spain?

• secure borders

• venture abroad militarily

• strengthen the RC church

Why would the Printers’ Guild have supported the Reformation?

• Economic stake

• literate and sophisticated

• often opposed to gov’t

What did the Reformation offer peasants?

• A chance for political liberation and social betterment

Where did Luther first defend his 95 Theses?

• At the Disputation of Leipzig (vs. Eck)

What did the benefice system allow the laity to do?

• Buy desirable church offices

• benefit economically

What 2 lay movements were the biggest attackers of the medieval

church?

• Lollards (Wyclif)

• Hussites (Hus)

What act by the Roman Catholic Church inspired the 95 Theses?

• Selling of indulgences

What was the jubilee indulgence supposed to pay for?

• New St. Peters Cathedral in Rome

What pushed Luther to “discover” justification by faith?

• His own feelings of unworthiness

What did the Council of Trent say about church language and

the official Bible?

• Speak Latin

• use the Vulgate

What kept Charles V from dealing with Luther quickly and

efficiently?

• He was always at war (usually with the Valois)

• busy trying to get elected HRE

Who did Luther side with in the Peasant Revolts in Germany?

• German Nobility

How did Luther respond to the charges brought against him at

the Diet of Worms?

• “Here I Stand”, would not change

How did members of the Schmalkaldic League benefit from the Ref. Economically?

• Took over Church lands & property

Why did the political structure of Germany and Switzerland make

them easier to reform?

• Small territories governed by princes instead of sovereign monarchies

Why did the geography of Germany and Switzerland make

them easier to reform?

• Far from Italy, divided into small parts (states)

Who said: “Whatever lacks scriptural support should not be

believed or practiced”

• Zwingli

What group believed in adult baptism and were eventually

opposed by both Protestants and Catholics?

• Anabaptists (esp. radicals gathered at Munster)

What was the formal name of the order founded by Ignatius

Loyola?

• Society of Jesus

Identify two major characteristics of the Jesuits.

• Focused on church

• underground missionaries

• great educators

• confessors to kings

Who were the elect?

• Those predestined for salvation (Calvin)

Why is it politically dangerous for a Pope to call a Council?

• they can limit his power

Which Pope gets the counter reformation rolling?

• Paul III, 28 years after the 95 Theses

Who said: “We are all equal in the eyes of God, members of the

Priesthood of all Believers”?

• Luther

What group called on clergy to live as examples and upheld the doctrine of the Catholic Church?

• Council of Trent

Where did the Council of Trent place tradition relative to

scripture?

• On equal footing

What do the U & L in Calvin’s TULIP stand for?

• Unconditional Election

• Limited Atonement

Under which monarch did England become truly Protestant

(theologically)?

• Edward VI

In what work can this original English Protestant theology be

found?

• Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer)

What three religious groups did Elizabeth I face when she came

to the throne?

• RCs

• Anglicans

• Puritans

Name at least three major causes of the Reformation.

• Humanism• Hus & Wyclif• political division• church abuses• social inequality

Why did Zwingli feel penance was unnecessary?

• Christ had already borne the pain for our sins

What happened when Calvin tried to “reform” Geneva the first

time?

• Exiled to Strasbourg (accused of “new papacy”)

What tool did Calvin use to create his “New Jerusalem”?

• Strict moral code (spread through sermons and Catechism)

What did Catholics and Prots. call unbelievers from the other

side?

• Heretics & papists (respectively)

Which English monarch attempted to reinstate Roman

Catholicism?

• Mary I

Which two sacraments did Luther claim were legitimate?

• Baptism

• Communion (Eucharist)

What book provided the majority of the doctrine for the Anglican

Church?

• Book of Common Prayer

Name the two major down sides of the Counter Reformation.

• Index of Forbidden Books

• Inquisition

What issue kept the German and Swiss Reformations from

uniting?

• The physical presence of Christ in communion

What finally gave princes in the HRE official control over

religion?

• the Peace of Augsburg in 1555

What was the main reason Henry VIII started the English

Reformation?

• Wanted an annulment from Catharine

• desired control over church structure

• resources

Name the major Protestant Group in each of the following areas:

England, Scotland, Switzerland, North Germany.

• Anglicans• Puritans• Calvinists• Lutherans

What type of art reflected the spirit of the Counter

Reformation?

• Baroque

What is Baroque Art designed to do?

• Get an emotional response/reaction

What percentage of Protestant converts were “reconverted” by

the Catholic Reformation?

• Over 50

List three components of Calvin’s moral code.

• No drinking

• no dancing

• no plays

• religious music

• psalm reading in taverns

Identify the two major events that push Luther into the arms of the

nobles.

• Peasant Revolt

• squashing the Anabaptists

Why was it tough to be a Prot. In France?

• Concordat of Bologna (state control of church)

Why did Luther abandon the Peasants in their revolt of 1524?

• not Christian’s role to transform society

• better politically to back princes

What family did Catherine de Medicis most often conspire

with?

• The Guise Family (RC)

What percentage of French aristocracy joined the Huguenots

to protest the Guise controlled monarchy?

• 40

What was the major outcome, other than dead people, of the St.

Bart’s day Massacre?

• Increased fighting between Catholics and Protestants

Name the politique who succeeded Henry III.

• Henry of Navarre (IV)

Identify three freedoms guaranteed Hugs by the Edict of

Nantes.• Worship

• Assemble

• attend university

• fortify towns

• hold public offices

What was Coligny trying to get Charles IX to do?

• aid Prots. in Netherlands

How did Calvinists organize the churches and governments?

• Locally

How did Henry of Navarre bring a close to conflict in France?

• converting to Catholicism

• Edict of Nantes

Name 2 of the 3 areas Phillip II tried to conquer in this unit.

• The Netherlands

• Portugal

• England

What effect did the Spanish Fury have on the Southern 10

provinces of the Netherlands?

• It caused them to briefly unit with the northern 7 vs. the Spanish (Pac. of Ghent)

What country was formed by the lower 10 provinces of the

Netherlands?

• Spanish Neth., which becomes Belgium

What leader of the Dutch resistance became a martyr for

the cause?

• William of Orange

What treaty brought English help to Protestants fighting in France

& the Netherlands?

• Treaty of Nonsuch

What religion is most of modern day Belgium?

• Catholicism

What was Phillip II’s religious justification for going into the

Netherlands?

• enforcing Council of Trent

What were Spain’s economic motives for trying to hold on to

the Netherlands?

• tax $$$

• valuable trade & shipping

Who did Phillip II put in charge of uniting the Dutch churches

and gov’t?

• Cardinal Granvelle

When Granvelle failed how did Phillip II respond?

• sent in the Duke of Alba to use military force

What tactics did the Dutch resisters use against the Spanish

Army?

• guerilla warfare

• piracy

Why was Mary, QOS such a bad match for Scotland?

• Very French

• Catholic

Who wanted to rid the Anglican Church of all Catholic practices

and structures?

• Puritans

Who did Protestants want to succeed Mary I?

• Elizabeth I

Who did John Knox rail on?

• Female rulers (Elizabeth, Marys, CDM)

Why was Mary QOS executed?

• Plotting to kill Elizabeth I

Name 2 things that brought about the demise of the Armada.

• Wind

• Tactics

• sea dogs

What RC things did the “Elizabethan Settlement” keep?

What Protestant things?

• Church hierarchy & ceremony

• Book of Common Prayer

• 39 Articles

What event provided inspiration for Protestants and marked the beginning of the end for Spain?

• Defeat of the Armada

What does cuius regio, eius religio mean?

• The ruler determines religion

What were Ferdinand II’s chief goals at the start of the 30 Years

War?

• centralize his control over HRE

• re-Catholicize the empire

What Swedish King swung the 30 yrs. War in favor of the Protestants? What was his

strength?

• Gustavus Adolphus

• military leadership

Why did the English want to keep the Spanish out of the

Netherlands?

• fear of invasion

• trade rivalry

Name 2 groups that came in to support the Prots in the 30 Years

War.

• Swedes• Richelieu• Danes• Dutch

Who did Spain support in the 30 Years War?

• HRE (Ferdinand)

What two countries continued their conflict past the end of the

30 Years’ War?

• Spain & France (ending with Treaty of Pyrenees in 1659)

Why did France & Richelieu side with the Prots. during the 30

Years’ War?

• hated Haps & Spanish,

• wanted weak Ger.

What were Christian IV & Gustavus Adolphus trying to gain

territorially?

• states in N. Germany (Holstein & Brandenburg)

How did families like the Medicis & the Fuggers exert their

power?

• lending $ to key people

Name one of the two military leaders Ferdinand II brought in to

fight the Prots.

• Maximilian (of Bavaria)

• Wallenstein

Identify two of the major outcomes of the 30 Years’ war.

• France most powerful

• Ger. states separate

• continuation of Augsburg

• Switz. & Neth. are independent

Identify three key outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia.

• Swiss independence• Dutch independence• Hapsburgs looooooooooose• extension of Augsburg (Calv.)• French get territory

Identify three causes of the commercial revolution.

• needs of N-S• putting out, rising pop.• new industries• new shipping/colonies

Identify two rivalries that came about as a result of the

Commercial Revolution.

• Eng. vs. Spain

• Spain vs. Dutch

What is the main goal of mercantilism?

• strengthen your economy at the expense of another

Identify four components of mercantilism.

• Tariffs• Bullionism• Colonies• sea trade• support for

industry

• exporting finished goods

• full employment

• large population

What Petition required the consent of Parliament for all

taxation?

• Petition of Right

Name two of the devices used by the Stuarts to raise funds outside

of Par.

• ship money• Impositions• forced loan• 1/4 troops

What did both James I & Charles I do that the traditional nobility

found threatening?

• Sold titles & offices

Name 5 guys from this unit who believed in the divine right of

kings?

• Charles I, II

• James I, II

• Louis XIV

What policy let Charles I rule without Parliament?

• the thorough

Why did the Scots rebel in 1637? What did this force Charles to

do?

• Charles & Laud were try to force episcopal system on them

• Call Parliament

Why did Charles I disband the “Short Par”?

• demanded redress of grievances

What were the supporters of Charles and the Parliament

called, respectively?

• Cavaliers (Mon/Ang)

• Roundheads (Par/Pur)

What was the main military reason the Roundheads were able

to win the ECW?

• The prowess of the New Model Army & holding most big towns & ports

Name 2 things abolished by the Rump Parliament.

• House of Lords

• Anglican Church and the monarchy (they kill Charles I)

How did Cromwell rule the “commonwealth” of England?

• as Lord Protector over 10 districts run by generals

Name two things that made Charles II appear to be pro-RC.

• love of ceremony

• RC wife

• support for France & Louis XIV

What Code excluded both RCs & Puritans from public life in

England?

• Clarendon Code

What Act did Parliament pass during the Restoration to keep RCs out of government? Who

did they fear?

• Test Act

• James II

What law required that English imports be carried on English ships? What nation was this

designed to hurt?

• Navigation Acts

• the Dutch Republic

What two groups formed in England toward the end of

Charles II’s reign? Who did each support?

• Tories (king)

• Whigs (opposed to king)

Whose overly absolutist policies pushed these two groups

together?

• James II (attempt to assert absolute authority, threat of RC)

Who did the Whigs & Tories call to throne in 1688?

• Mary (Prot. daughter of James II)

• William III of Orange

What did William & Mary agree to accept in the Glorious Rev.?

• Bill of Rights

• Constitutional monarchy

Why would William be willing to accept such terms that would

limit his power?

• chance to be King of Eng.

• oppose Louis XIV

What 2 people rebuilt France after the religious conflict?

• Swanson and Kilmer

• Henry IV & duke of Sully

What would Richelieu do to nobles who refused to follow his

reforms?

• Imprison

• Fine

• execute

What French leader was determined to suppress

Protestants domestically but willing to support them

internationally?

• Richelieu

How did French nobility & townspeople respond to

Mazarin’s continuation of Richelieu’s policies?

• the Fronde

Who was Louis XIV’s chief advisor while he was a minor?

• Cardinal Mazarin

What was the role of the intendants?

• supervise local activities for bur.,

• keep eye on parlements

What was Louis XIV’ main military goal?

• Secure borders in the Alps & at the Rhine

• ultimately expansion

Name three things Louis XIV did to glorify himself in the eyes of

the public.

• Arts• Army• Ceremony• Propaganda• Versailles

Name 2 components of mercantilism under Colbert.

• develop resources, encourage industry, high tariffs, French imports on French ships, the tailles

How did most of Europe respond to Louis XIV when he took

Strasbourg in 1681? What war started out of this?

• Formed the League of Augsburg, Nine Years War

Why did Louis XIV never call the Estates General?

• source of power for nobility, didn’t need them for $$$

What action by Louis XIV caused the emigration of 250,000

Huguenots and the closure of Protestant schools & churches?

• Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685

In which direction was Louis trying to expand in the Nine

Years War?

• East, into Germany

Who’s philosophy was “one king, one law, one faith”?

• Louis XIV

What Treaty gave Louis the right to keep to put his grandson on the

throne of Spain?

• Utrecht

What did the Treaty of Utrecht give the English?

• asiento & Gibraltar

Who was removed from Parliament in “Pride’s Purge”?

• Presbyterians who insisted on their church system

Where did the Royalists go after Charles I’s execution? What did

they do?

• France, resisted Cromwell & Commonwealth

Name 2 reasons why Louis XIV invaded the Netherlands in 1670?

• making fun, territory, had England as an ally

Where was Louis XIV looking to expand in the war of Devolution?

• Spanish Netherlands

Who was determined to give France peace & an improved economy in the early 1700s?

• Cardinal Fleury

What financial crisis crushed French faith in public finance?

• Mississippi Bubble Crisis

Why did Fleury fail?

• died too soon, Louis XV was a fool

Name three general attributes of eastern Europe.

• agrarian, technologically behind, authoritarian rule

What country bad declined by 1650 because of foolish

monarchs & decline of imports from the New World?

• Spain

What country had declined by 1750 because of political disunity

& overextension of their trade empire?

• The Netherlands

What industry did this country remain dominant in?

• banking

Which political group did George I favor when he came to Britain?

• Whigs

Which party supported a strong monarchy, low taxes, and the

Anglican Church?

• Tories

Who dominated control of the House of Commons in the

1700s?

• Wealthy landowning men

Who supported the Stuart “pretenders” in the early 1700s?

• Jacobites

Who rose to the office of Prime Minister by solving the South

Sea Bubble crisis?

• Robert Walpole

How did Walpole take executive powers away from the

monarchy?

• formation of the cabinet system (treasury, military, etc.)

Name two countries whose decay led to advances by Prussia and

Russia.

• Poland and Sweden

What two countries fought in the Great Northern War? Who won?

• Russia and Sweden, Russia

Whose diet required unanimity on all issues? Why was this a

weakness?

• Poland, difficult to pass taxes to fund army (& other key decisions)

Which Hapsburg repelled Turks & Louis & gained in Austria &

Hungary?

• Leopold I

What agreement provided a legal basis for Maria Theresa to rule

Austria? How well did it work?

• Pragmatic Sanction; not very well, the other European powers did not honor it

What declining power in the east allowed the Hapsburgs &

Hohenzollerns to fill the power vacuum?

• Ottoman Empire

Name two groups the Hapsburgs forced into their Austrian

Empire.

• Italians from Lombard, Slavs (Bohemia), Magyars (Hungary)

What were the primary characteristics of the Prussian

state?

• military discipline & administrative rigor

What was the primary accomplishment of the Great

Elector?

• Uniting the Prussian State

How does he accomplish this?

• taxes to build army, Junkers must go through him for power, improve farming & industry

Who spent extravagantly received the title “King of

Prussia” in exchange for help in the war of Spanish Succession?

• Frederick I

Why did the Hapsburgs decide to focus on Austria?

• decline of Spain, losses in 30 Years War

How did the Great Elector & other Hohenzollerns keep the

Junkers in line?

• best jobs in bur. & mil.

Which Prussian king imposed austerity and built the Prussian

army to 80,000?

• Frederick William II

Who inherits Prussia’s army at it’s peak and is ready to use it to expand Prussian Power? Where

does he take the army first?

• Frederick II, into Silesia vs. Austria

What three groups opposed Peter the Great in his plans for

Westernization?

• Boyars, Streltsy, & Church

How were the Boyars tamed by Peter the Great?

• Social standing determined by job, shave-o-rama, loyal to state first

Who revolted when Peter went west? How were they tamed?

• Streltsy, torture & execution, corpses on display

What are always Russia’s two main assets?

• people & resources

What right/privilege did both the Hapsburgs & Hohenzollerns

grant the nobility to curry favor?

• domination of peasants & serfs

Where did Peter build his great, superficially western, capital? How was it positioned to be a

“window to the west”?

• St. Petersburg, on the Baltic

Name two ways that Peter the Great reformed Russia’s army.

• improved weapons, discipline, outside officers, regiments, western uniforms, “Go Russia” t-shirts

What is Peter the Great’s primary military goal? Where is he able

to achieve this?

• warm water ports, on the Baltic

Name two steps Peter took to improve Russia’s economy.

• mercantilism, western craftsman, industrial serfs, iron

How do the Russians defend themselves against invasion by

Charles XII?

• Draw him in & let him freeze & starve

Why does Peter have his son killed?

• he opposed westernization & Peter feared he would reverse his policies

What two classical thinkers were most of the early scientific

beliefs based on?

• Aristotle & Ptolemy

Who was the first to refute Ptolemy?

• Copernicus

How did Brahe’s opposition benefit Copernicus?

• Gave him publicity

Name Brahe’s assistant that drew pro-Copernican conclusions from

Brahe’s work?

• Kepler

How did the church respond to Galileo’s use of the telescope?

• They condemned it, “God would have made us able to see it”

Who was the father of modern philosophy?

• Descartes

Who were the two great political thinkers of the 17th century?

• Hobbes & Locke

What major movement did the new science lead to?

• New Philosophy

Who was the champion of the empirical method? What does

this method encourage?

• Bacon, observations based on lots of data

What was Newton’s major work?

• Principia Mathematica

How does Newton unlock the door to the rest of scientific

discovery?

• universal gravitation was major missing link

Identify 2 major influences on the literature of the 17th century.

• ECW, counter-reformation, restoration, Elizabethan times

Who confronted both the Jesuits & skeptics and argued for the

separation of religion & science?

• Pascal

What was the main point of Don Quixote?

• a combination of realism & idealism are important for a happy life

Describe Shakespeare’s political & social outlook.

• Conservative

What work and author described the fall of Satan?

• Milton’s Paradise Lost

What work and author described the effects of too much Restoration Partying?

• Bunyan’s Life and Death of Mr. Badman

Who argued that the existence of God was rational?

• Pascal

Who was the first scientist to maintain that mathematical

relationships explain everything?

• Galileo

What were the two of the main influences on Hobbes & Locke?

• ECW, Louis XIV & Glorious Revolution

List two of Locke’s major beliefs.

• blank slate, overthrow bad gov’t, natural state is freedom, natural rights: life, liberty & property

Who believed that people must turn over their rights to a strong

ruler his rule would prevent anarchy?

• Hobbes

How did Hobbes’ absolute ruler control his people?

• Manipulating their fear of pain and desire for pleasure

What were the four most formative causes of the

enlightenment?

• print culture, need for reform in France, Sci. Rev., success of GB

Who are the three most prominent philosophes?

• Montesquieu, Voltaire, & Rousseau

Why would you associate Voltaire with our 1st

amendment?

• he advocated basic freedoms

Name the author and work that discussed Laissez Faire

Economics.

• Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations

Who was Adam Smith’s chief influence, and what system did

he attack?

• physiocrats, mercantilism

Why did philosophes criticize the church?

• promoted evil acts, took advantage of political position, emphasis on superstition, didn’t practice toleration, imperfection of man

In what role did the Deists place God?

• “divine watchmaker”, created world and stood back

What two groups responded to Deism by making religion more

personal?

• Pietists and Methodists

Who criticized bigotry & advocated free speech in works

like Candide?

• Voltaire

What did Montesquieu argue was the best form of gov’t?

• Three branch, separation of powers

What is it about Montesquieu’s background that influenced these

beliefs?

• He was part of the noble Resurgence after Louis XIV

Name three major beliefs of Rousseau.

• Society over individual, bend to will, glorified motherhood, M&W in separate spheres

How did women benefit from the enlightenment?

• emphasis on education, saloneirs, glorification of motherhood

Why was the first encyclopedia such a major undertaking? Who

edited it?

• first time any group tried to compile “all” knowledge, Diderot

If you had to sum up the enlightenment in one word, what

would it be?

• darn well better be reason

What were the three basic classes of the Ancien Regime?

• nobility, bourgeoisie, peasants

What were Jethro Tull’s two main contributions to the Ag.

Rev.?

• iron plow and seed drill

Who introduced the new crop rotation system that included

turnips and clover?

• Charles Townshend

What did the flying shuttle create a demand for?

• thread/yarn

What country was famous for land reclamation?

• The Netherlands

Name two reasons the Industrial Revolution started in Great

Britain.

• coal & iron, individual liberties, roads & waterways, relatively mobile social structure

Name 2 characteristics of NW European families in the Ancien

Regime.

• nuclear, married later, smaller

What commonly caused urban riots?

• inflated prices, threat to traditional right, unjust action

What group might encourage peasants to riot against the

nobility?

• Bourgeoisie

What did many “new” cities lack that would have helped them handle the influx of people?

• infrastructure

Why did Frederick II start the War of Aust. Succession?

• wanted Silesia, saw that M-T was weak

What was the world population in 1750?

• 3/4 billion

Why did landlords want to enclose their lands?

• higher bread prices, wanted to force the use of new methods

What happened to many peasants as a result of enclosure?

• cut loose from the land, forced to look for other employment

What country held colonies in the St. Lawrence & Ohio River

valleys?

• France

Why was the war of Jenkins’ Ear important?

• Kick off to series of conflicts

What did GB do to keep the French busy on the continent

during the 7 Years War?

• Gave lots of aid to Prussia

How did Maria Theresa keep her kingdom together during the War

of Austrian Succession?

• Concessions to the nobility, esp. the Magyars

Name the worst country to be a peasant in.

• Russia (Poland was a close 2nd)

What event marked a major shift in traditional alliances?

• Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

What war did this “Revolution” lead to?

• 7 Years War

Name two things the British gained from the 7 Years War.

• All of NA east of the Miss., trade rights in India, disappearance of France from colonial scene

Why did the Bourgeoisie resent the nobility?

• inherited legal rights & privileges

How did GB try to address the massive war debt they were left

with after the 7 Years War?

• Taxing their colonists

How was the average European Jew treated during the Ancien

Regime?

• non-citizen, lived in separated area, discriminated against

What right were the British abusing before the War of

Jenkins Ear?

• asiento

Who were the 2 chief rivals in this era of colonial expansion?

• GB & France

What is an audencia?

• A judicial council in the New World

What action started the 7 Years War?

• Frederick II’s preemptive strike on Saxony

Name 2 benefits of the steam engine.

• Move factories away from rivers, constant source of power

In which industry did the Industrial Revolution start?

• textiles

What system was replaced by the factory system?

• cottage or “putting-out”

Name one factor that may have led to the population boom that

started in the mid-1700’s.

• End of the plague, less warfare, improved health

Name the two crops that were introduced from the New World.

• potatoes & corn

What cause did John Wilkes associate himself with?

• opposition to George III & individual liberty

What institution did the Wilksites want reformed?

• Parliament

What problem did the 7 Years War leave all of its participants

with?

• war debt

How did increased demand for sugar and cotton in Europe lead

to increased slavery?

• plantation system demands it

What were the American colonists originally trying to protect when they revolted

against GB?

• Rights as Englishmen

In what kinds of places did the “new cities” spring up?

• waterways, road hubs, sea ports

What are the two basic types of Bourg.?

• commercial/financial & bureaucratic/professional

Where would you be living if you got married at 17 had 10 kids and

lived with your aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents?

• SE Europe

What was the primary unit of both production and consumption

during the Ancien Regime?

• the family

Where did Dutch trade influence remain high in the 1700s?

• Asia

What are colonies supposed to provide to the “home country”?

• markets and raw materials

How did the new gov’t they created differ from all previous

gov’ts?

• Equality of all white men, no aristocracy or social classes by birth, no king

Name three causes of the French Rev..

• Food shortages & prices, heavy taxation of poor, little taxation of nobles & clergy, bourgeoisie vs. nobles, nobles vs. monarchy

List two reasons why the French gov’t was in so much debt.

• 7 Years War, American Rev., War of Austrian Succession, couldn’t tax upper classes

What group did the 3rd Estate form when they left the Estates

General? What did they promise in the Tennis Court Oath?

• National Assembly, keep meeting until they wrote a constitution

What group did this become when it was recognized by Louis

XVI?

• National Constituent Assembly (NCA)

What class were the reps of the 3rd Estate from?

• Bourgeoisie

How did nobles react to the Great Fear?

• renounced their rights, cleared way for Cons.

What did Louis XVI do to cause the poor to storm the Bastille?

• muster troops around Paris

What’s significant about who was involved in storming the

Bastille?

• Entrance of the popular masses into the revolution

What kind of representation & voting did the nobility want in

the EG?

• Equal number of reps for each estate & voting by order

What was the purpose of the Dec. of Rights of Man and Citizen?

• Guiding statement for the Cons. of 1791

Who got the franchise under the Cons. of 1791?

• Active citizens (pay taxes = to 3 days of labor)

What revolutionary faction was more moderate and favored Constitutional Monarchy?

• Girondins

Identify a way in which Louis XVI demonstrated his anti-

revolutionary sentiment.

• muster troops, stall on Dec. of Rights, flee to Varennes, refractory clergy

Identify two components of the Civil Cons. of the Clergy. What impact did it have on the French

clergy?

• elected clergy, reorganized dioceses, seized lands; Split them (refractory)

How did the Pope respond to the CCC?

• condemned it and the Rev.

Why did the women of Paris march on Versailles?

• food, make Louis agree to Dec. of Rights

What were the chief concerns of the sans-culottes?

• food and representation

Which enlightenment thinker’s ideas are most evident in the French Revolution? Where?

• Rousseau; separate sphere, General Will,

Name two components of the economic reform under the Cons.

of 1791.

• assignats, guilds banned, more equitable taxation, laissez faire

Despite their active participation in the revolution, which two

groups were consistently left out?

• poor (esp. urban) & women

What kind of reaction did the invasion by Austria & Prussia

produce?

• panic, fear, “invasion mentality”

What tool did the Convention use to mobilize France for war? name

two components of this tool.

• levee en masse; conscription of all males, price ceilings, war production

Give two examples of occasions when the Bourgeois

revolutionaries benefited from the actions of the poor.

• Versailles, Bastille, insurrection, expulsion of Girondin, rev. army

What revolutionary faction was more radical and favored a

republic?

• Jacobins (Mountain)

Why did the Convention try to dechristianize France?

• religion would get in the way of the virtuous republic, second authority

What two places did the Dec. of Rights of Man and Citizen get its

ideas from?

• Dec. of Independence & Enlightenment

What did the Paris Commune force the Legislative Assembly to

do?

• step down and give way to the National Convention (start of the 2nd Rev.)

What event led to the formation of the Paris Commune?

• the Paris insurrection of August, 1792 (attack on Tuileries)

Identify two of Edmund Burke’s criticisms of the Revolution.

• revs have no gov’t experience, democracy sucks (popular gov’t can’t work)

Describe the politics and religion of the countryside in comparison

with those of Paris.

• more conservative and traditional or devoutly RC

What was Robespierre’s overarching (ultimate) goal?

• republic of virtue

Name two steps he was willing to take to achieve this goal.

• dechristianize, suppression of rights, massive bloody guillotine death

What was the “white terror”?

• backlash against the red terrorists of Robespierre’s terror

How did Robespierre wind up turning the blade of terror against

himself?

• eliminated opposition without cultivating allies

Describe the gov’t set up by the Cons. of Year III.

• Councils of Elders and 500 (leg.), Directory (exec.)

What did the Directory use to maintain its power?

• army over cons.

What did Babeuf claim in 1796?

• Rev. has not gone far enough

What group benefited the most in the end from both revolutions?

• Bourgeoisie

Name three things women did as participants in the revolution.

• Society of Women, spokespeople, Versailles, fought in army

Put these in order: Nat. Assembly, Convention, NCA, Legislative Assembly, Estates

General

• Estates General, Nat. Assembly, NCA, Legislative Assembly, Convention

How did the goals of enlightened absolutists differ from those of

the traditional absolutists?

• They didn’t - just used enlightenment ideas

Who was the ultimate enlightened absolutist? Identify

two of his reforms.

• Joseph II; seized church lands, = taxation for all, = punishment for all, abolished serfdom, nobility out of bur.

Who tried to continue in Peter’s footsteps as the westernizer of Russia? What made his/her

position so precarious?

• Catherine the Great, non-Russian, female, had to rely on nobility

Name two “enlightened” actions of Frederick the Great.

• legal reform, reduce control over peasants, agricultural reforms, religious toleration

What was shocking about Joseph II’s religious toleration?

• He was a Hapsburg (very RC)

What brings Enlightened Absolutism to a screeching halt?

• the French Revolution