Ethan Cox

http://sdhydroponics.com/resources/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/mycorrhiza.jpg

Symbiotic fungi

Binds with plant’s roots

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycorrhizal_root_tips_%28amanita%29.jpg

Two Types

Ectomycorrhizae

Endomycorrhizae

http://plantbio.berkeley.edu/~bruns/picts/mycorrhizae/46.jpg

Do we need mycorrhizae restoration? Hmmm….yes and no.

What is mycorrhizae restoration?

Olympic Peninsula in Washington state

Mount St. Helens Example

Prairie Restoration in the American Midwest

Iceland Sand Dunes

Minnesotan Taconite Mining Area

China and Arsenic

What are the similarities between sites? Extremely degraded sites Mycorrhizae helped scavenge the few

nutrients

Should be determined on a case by case basis

Allen, Michael F. The Ecology of Mycorrhizae. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991. Print.

Allen, M. F., C. M. Crisafulli, S. J. Morris, L. M. Egerton-Warburton, J. A. MacMahon, and J. M. Trappe. 2005. Mycorrhizae and Mount St. Helens: story of a symbiosis. “Ecological responses to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.” V. H. Dale, F. J. Swanson, and C. M. Crisafulli, editors. Springer Science + Business Media, Inc, New York.

Dong, Yan, Yong-Guan Zhu, F. Andrew Smith, Youshan Wang, and Baodong Chen. "Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhanced Aresnic Resistance of Both White Clover (Trifolium Repens Linn.) and Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.) Plants in an Aresnic Contaminated Soil." Environmental Pollution 155 (2008): 174-81. Science Direct. Web. 12 Apr. 2011.

Greipsson, S., and H. El-Mayas. 2000. “Arbuscular mycorrhizae of Leymus arenarius on coastal sands and reclamation sites in Iceland and response to inoculation.” Restoration Ecology 8: 144-150. Web of Science. Web. 9 Apr. 2011.

Harley, J. L., and S. E. Smith. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. London: Academic, 1983. Print.

Hilderbrand, R. H., A. C. Watts, and A. M. Randle. 2005. The myths of restoration ecology. Ecology and Society 10(1): 19. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/art19/

Johnson, NC. 1998. “Responses of Salsola kali and Panicum virgatum to mycorrhizal fungi, phosphorus, and soil organic matter: implications for reclamation.” Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 86-94. Web of Science. Web. 9 Apr. 2011

Noyd, Robert K., F. L. Pfleger, and M. P. Russelle. "Interactions between Native Prairie Grasses and Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Implications for Reclamation of Taconite Iron Ore Tailing." New Phytologist 129.4 (1995): 651-60. ISI Web of Knowledge. Web. 14 Apr. 2011.

Requena, N., E. Perez-Solis, C. Azcon-Aguilar, P. Jeffries, and J.-M. Barea. "Management of Indigenous Plant-Microbe Symbioses Aids Restoration of Desertified Ecosystems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67.2 (2001): 495-98. Web of Science. Web. 11 Apr. 2011.

Richter, Brantlee Spakes, and Jean C. Stutz. "Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Big Sacaton: Implications for Grassland Restoration of an Abandoned Agricultural Fields." Restoration Ecology 10.4 (2002): 607-16. Web of Science. Web. 12 Apr. 2011.

Smith, M. R., I. Charvat, and R. L. Jacobson. 1998. “Arbuscular mycorrhizae promote establishment of prairie species in a tallgrass prairie restoration.” Canadian Journal of Botany. 76: 1947-1954. Web of Science. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.