Post on 26-Mar-2015
Muinah FoworaWalden University
22nd July, 2012
Introduction
Food borne diseases
Causes of food borne diseases
Introduction of contaminants into food
Local Restaurants in Lagos, Nigeria
Causes of food borne diseases in local restaurants
Evidence that this problem exist
Existing interventions to this problem
Possible interventions and regulations
Food consumption is one of the most
important factors that influence health
Majority of people visit local restaurants and
fast food restaurants
To protect human health, quality of food
needs to be preserved
Millions affected yearly, with thousands of
death annually worldwide (WHO, 2012)
Diseases caused by the presence of
contaminants in food.
Contaminants can be biological or
chemical in nature
WHO (2012). Prevention of foodborne disease: Five keys to safer food. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/consumer/5keys/en/index.html
Includes diseases like amebic dysentery,
giardiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis,
diarrhea, typhoidal and non-typhoidal
salmonellosis, amongst others.
Micro-organisms mainly responsible
(Moeller, 2011).
Moeller, D.W. (2011). Environmental Health (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Bacterial Infections examples include
Salmonella species, Shigella species,
Escherichia coli amongst others
Viral Infections like the Norwalk-like viruses
and the hepatitis A and E.
Toxins and naturally occurring toxins (Moeller,
2011)
Moeller, D.W. (2011). Environmental Health (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Before food preparation
During food preparation
After food preparation (MDH, 2010).
MDH (2010). Food contamination and food borne illness prevention. Retrieved from
http://www.health.state.mn.us/foodsafety/prevention.html
Source: Mama Dami Food Canteen Yaba, Lagos , picture by Muinah Fowora 2012)
Inadequate knowledge of food borne
diseases and their causes
Improper food handling techniques
Unsustainable environment
Various researches have been carried out
on both food handlers and on food from
local canteens and restaurants
The study by Smith, Agomo, Bamidele,
Opere and Aboaba (2010) showed the
knowledge of food handlers about typhoid
fever
Smith et al. (2010) showed that 27.7% of
food handlers do not wash hands before
preparing food
28.1% used only water to wash hands after
using the toilet
90% had heard of and know about typhoid
fever
However, 15.6% of these did not know how it
was contacted
Okolie, Omonigbehin, Badru, and Akande (2011)
isolated pathogenic bacteria from food sold in
private primary schools in Akoka, Lagos.
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus,
Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas specie were
all isolated from the food samples
Are there any existing interventions or
regulations to combat these problems?
Food and drugs decree 35 of 1974
Implementing authorities at the central,
provincial, and local government level
(WHO, 2009)WHO (2009). FAN country profiles – Nigeria. Retrieved from
http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/hpr/food-safety-and-nutrition-fan/fan-
country-profiles.html
Central level – NAFDAC, NIOMR, and the
ministry of agriculture
Provincial level – NAFDAC and the state
government agencies
Local level – Local government task force
and NAFDAC
WHO food safety and Nutrition (FAN)
country profile for Nigeria, Nigeria
supposedly has food inspectors
Food inspectors are supposed to carry out
food control implementation, and also
inspect food establishments (WHO, 2009).
Health hygiene training
Enlightenment programs on hygienic food
preparation and good sanitary practices
Regulations to govern the food handlers and
their practice.
Proper inspection, monitoring and
enforcement
MDH (2010). Food contamination and food
borne illness prevention. Retrieved from
http://www.health.state.mn.us/foodsafet
y/prevention.html
Moeller, D.W. (2011). Environmental
Health (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Okolie, N.P., Omonigbehin, E., Badru, O.A.,
& Akande, I.S. (2011). Isolation of
pathogenic bacteria from some foods
sold at selected private schools in Akoka
area of Yaba Lagos, Nigeria. African
Journal of Food Science,6(3), 65-69.
Smith, S.I., Agoma, C.O., Bamidele, M.,
Opere, B.O., & Aboaba, O.O. (2010).
Survey of food handlers in bukas (a type
of local restaurant) in Lagos, Nigeria
about typhoid fever. Health, 2(8), 951-
956. Doi:10.4236/health.2010.28141
WHO (2009). FAN country profiles – Nigeria.
Retrieved from
http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-
programmes/hpr/food-safety-and-
nutrition-fan/fan-country-profiles.html
WHO (2012). Prevention of foodborne
disease: Five keys to safer food.
Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/consume
r/5keys/en/index.html
FDA (n.d.). Bad Bug Book: Foodborne
Pathogenic Pathogens and Natural Toxins
Handbook (2nd ed.). Retrieved from
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/Foo
dSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllne
ssFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/Bad
BugBook/UCM297627.pdf