MT. ST. HELENS

PLANET WATER?

ONLY 30% OFOUR PLANETIS SOIL

Greek-( atmo) air

Greek-(bio) life

Greek-(hydro) water

Greek-(litho) stone

FOUR EARTHLY SPHERES

Equator 7,926 mi. across

PLATES MOVE BYTHE FORCEOF CONVECTION

CONVECTION

• CIRCULAR MOVEMENT CAUSED WHEN A MATERIAL IS HEATED, EXPANDS, AND RISES, AND THEN COOLS AND FALLS.

• THIS PROCESS IS THOUGHT TO BE OCCURRING IN THE MANTLE ROCK BENEATH THE PLATES.

Alfred WegenerGerman explorer

suggested thecontinentaldrift theory in the early 1900s.

TECTONIC PLATES ON THE EARTH

SEVEN LARGE PLATES AND MANY SMALLER PLATES

SPREADINGSUBDUCTION

FAULTING

This is occurring in the middle of the AtlanticOcean.

Thingvellir rift valley

in Iceland

SURTSEY

This is what

Surtsey looks like

today.

SUBDUCTION

NEW HAWAIIAN ISLAND FORMING- Loihi (Low-EE-Hee)

Will reachsurfacein50,000 yrs.

CONVERGENCE OF TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES

Kilauea in HawaiiOne of the most activevolcanoes in the world

Seaquakes can cause tsuanamis

TSUNAMI-JAPANESE FOR HARBOR WAVE

EARTHQUAKES• Tectonic plate movement also causes

earthquakes

• Seismographs measure earthquakes

• The Richter scale measures magnitude and strength –under 2 -9.0 or more

• Fires and floods often consume areas of an earthquake because gas and water pipe lines break

• Animal behavior key to alerting us of danger

Kobe, Japan 1995

HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

• THE JAPANESE HAVE BEEN RETROFITTING (REINFORCING) PILLARS OF HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES

• and

• INSTALLING BASE ISOLATORS WHICH HELP BUILDINGS MOVE SOMEWHAT TO ACCOMMODATE AN EARTHQUAKE

• THEY HAVE BEEN BUILDING FLEXIBLE GAS AND WATER PIPES SO THAT THE LINES WILL NOT BREAK AS EASILY DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

• DEVELOPING A WARNING SYSTEM AND A PLAN FOR EVACUATION

Forces on the surface of the earth contribute to

• Hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones

• Tornadoes

• Floods

• Fires

• Drought

• Avalanches

• Storms/Blizzards/lightning

• Landslides

Wind patterns distribute the sun’s energy around our planet.

OCEAN CURRENTSCirculate cold water from polar regions toward the equator. Then warm currents move away from the equator cooling as it nears the polar regions.

RUBBERBATH TOYSFOUNDSTILL FLOATINGIN OCEANAFTER 11YEARS OFBEING LOSTAT SEA.

29,000 BATH TOYS FELL OVERBOARD . Only 400 have been recovered.

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

The Six-Year List of Hurricane Names for Atlantic Storms (2002 - 2007)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

ArthurBerthaCristobalDollyEdouardFayGustavHannaIsidoreJosephineKyleLiliMarcoNanaOmarPalomaReneSallyTeddyVickyWilfred

AnaBillClaudetteDannyErikaFabianGraceHenriIsabelJuanKateLarryMindyNicholasOdettePeterRoseSamTeresaVictorWanda

AlexBonnieCharleyDanielleEarlFrancesGastonHermineIvanJeanneKarlLisaMatthewNicoleOttoPaulaRichardSharyTomasVirginieWalter

ArleneBretCindyDennisEmilyFranklinGertHarveyIreneJoseKatrinaLeeMariaNateOpheliaPhilippeRitaStanTammyVinceWilma

AlbertoBerylChrisDebbyErnestoFlorenceGordonHeleneIsaacJoyceKirkLeslieMichaelNadineOscarPattyRafaelSandyTonyValerieWilliam

AndreaBarry ChantalDean Erin Felix Gabrielle Humberto Ingrid Jerry Karen Lorenzo Melissa Noel Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy Do you see your name here?1996 - 2001 Hurricane Names

ArthurBerthaCristobalDollyEdouardFayGustavHannaIkeJosephineKyleLauraMarcoNanaOmarPalomaReneSallyTeddyVickyWilfred

Hurricane names for 2008New cycle starts with names from 2002

• WHAT IS EL NINO?

• EL NINO IS A WARM OCEAN CURRENT

THAT DEVELOPS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN ALONG THE EQUATORIAL

WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA

AND MAY EXTEND ACROSS THE

PACIFIC

• AMONG THESE CONSEQUENCES ARE:

• INCREASED RAINFALL ACROSS THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE U.S. AND IN PERU

• DROUGHT IN THE WEST PACIFIC

• El NINO OCCURS EVERY 2-10 YEARS AND CAN LAST UP TO TWO YEARS

• IN THE PAST 40 YEARS, 9 EL NINOS HAVE AFFECTED CLIMATE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

LA NINA

COLD OCEAN CURRENT THAT

DEVELOPS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN

ALONG THE EQUATORIAL WEST

COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA

LA NINA

EL NINO

EL NINO-more rain southeast, drought in northwest

LA NINA-less rain southeast and southwest, more in north and nw

EL NINO-Warmer temperatures north & west, cooler southeast

LA NINA-warmer temperatures east/southeast, cooler west and northwest

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROTATION AND

REVOLUTION?

ROTATION

• THE SPINNING MOTION OF THE EARTH ON ITS AXIS TILTED AT

23 ½ DEGREES.

REVOLUTION• ONE COMPLETE ORBIT OF THE

EARTH AROUND THE SUN 365 ¼ DAYS

9/23

3/21

12/21

6/21

INTERNATIONALDATE LINE180 DEGREES

WESTERN DATEONE DAY BEHINDEASTERN DATE

How many time zones are there in the world?