More queries

Outer joins and summary queries

Inner and outer joins

• An Inner join only returns matching rows from two tables– E.g. if I join the customer and order table, I will only

get customers who have orders.– If I join staff to orders, I will only get back the staff

who have been in charge of an order.• An Outer join can either be a left outer join or a

right outer join.– A left outer join returns all rows from the left table and

only the matching rows from the right table.– A right outer join returns all rows from the right table

and only the matching rows from the left table.

Example

• ‘Find me all customers that are recorded along with any orders they have placed’.

• Select all Customers and any orders that are joined to a customer.– To make it easier to read, only select the

company name from the customer, and the order id from the order

• Browse through the results to see if you can find any nulls in the order fields.

Example of a left join

Select

orders.orderid,

cast(CompanyName as char(30))as Company

from Customers left join Orders on Customers.CustomerId = Orders.CustomerId

A section of the output

10808 Old World Delicatessen 10347 Familia Arquibaldo 10386 Familia Arquibaldo 10414 Familia Arquibaldo 10512 Familia Arquibaldo 10581 Familia Arquibaldo 10650 Familia Arquibaldo 10725 Familia Arquibaldo NULL FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchicha10408 Folies gourmandes 10480 Folies gourmandes 10634 Folies gourmandes 10763 Folies gourmandes 10789 Folies gourmandes

• Note– the customer

whose company name is FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchicha is registered,

– but there are no orders registered against it

Uses of Outer Joins

• These can be used to show the difference between two tables.– Difference using an outer join

• Get all the rows from one side of the join and only the matching rows from the other side

• This means that some of the resultant rows will have NULLs in columns originating from one side of the join.

• Display only those with nulls on the fully populated side.

Using our example for Intersection

• ‘Find me all customers that are recorded that have never placed an order’.

• 1. Select all Customers and any orders that are joined to a customer.

• 2. List only those rows that DO NOT have a NULL value on the order side of the join.

Query

Select distinct

Customers.CustomerId,

cast(CompanyName as char(30))as Company

from Customers left join Orders on Customers.CustomerId = Orders.CustomerId

where orders.customerId is not null

Results for Intersection

CustomerId Company ---------- ------------------------------ ALFKI Alfreds Futterkiste ANATR Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helANTON Antonio Moreno Taquería AROUT Around the Horn BERGS Berglunds snabbköp BLAUS Blauer See Delikatessen BLONP Blondesddsl père et fils BOLID Bólido Comidas preparadas BONAP Bon app' ………..89 rows.

Note about intersection

• This should be the same as an inner join:– Select distinct Customers.CustomerId, cast (CompanyName as Char(30)) as Company from Customers join Orders on Customers.CustomerId = Orders.CustomerId

– Run the two and see that the result is the same.

Using our example for Difference

• ‘Find me all customers that are recorded that have never placed an order’.

• 1. Select all Customers and any orders that are joined to a customer.

• 2. List only those rows that have a NULL value on the order side of the join.

Query

Select Customers.CustomerId, cast(CompanyName as char(30))as Company,

Orders.CustomerId from Customers left join Orders on Customers.CustomerId = Orders.CustomerId

where orders.customerId is null

Results

CustomerId Company CustomerId ---------- ------------------------------ ---------- FISSA FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchicha NULLPARIS Paris spécialités NULL

(2 row(s) affected)

• Note: In reality, the output would make more sense if we left out the Orders.CustomerId, because we know that it is null anyway.

More on outer joins• Which side do we use?

– If we have a 1:0 or many relationship, then the 1 side is essential

– E.g. we can ask ‘what products do we have that have not been ordered?’, but it makes no sense to ask ‘what order details do we have that don’t match a product?’

– Why? Because we have used the product code as a foreign key in the [order details], thereby ensuring that an [order details] row cannot be added unless there is a corresponding product to order!

– In the Northwind, all the products have been ordered at least once, so we’ll use a different pair of tables.

Look at two tables• Each employee (employeeterritories table) covers one or

more territory (territories table)• An employee cannot cover a territory that does not exist:

select EmployeeId, TerritoryDescriptionfrom employeeterritories left join territories on territories.territoryId = employeeterritories.territoryId– This shows no nulls

• but there may be no employee covering a territory: select EmployeeId, TerritoryDescriptionfrom employeeterritories right join territories on territories.territoryId = employeeterritories.territoryId

• Shows that Columbia, Austin, Bentonville and Dallas have no employees covering them.

And another thing

• The order of the join is important:– Employees left join Employeeterritories– Is the same as– Employeeterritories right join Employees

• And similarly:– Employeeterritories left join Employees– Is the same as– Employees right join Employeeterritories

Tables joined to themselves.

• This generally takes place in a hierarchy. Two commonplace examples are

• A part is part of a part– E.g. a bulb is part of a light.– A light is part of a front grille.

• An employee reports to an employee

Examplecreate table part( PartNo numeric (4,0)

unique not null, PartDesc varchar(20), PartOf numeric (4,0),primary key (PartNo),foreign key (PartOf)

references Part(PartNo)

)

insert into Part (PartNo, PartDesc) values (1, 'Biggest part')

insert into Part (PartNo, PartDesc) values (2, 'Quite big part')

insert into Part values (3, 'Component part',1)

insert into Part values (4,'small part',3)

select * from partselect * from part as component

join part as container oncomponent.partof =

container.partno

Tables joined to themselves

• In the Northwind database, the employees table is joined to itself, by the ‘reportsto’ field.

• See tutorial 6 and try to list all employees and their bosses.

NorthWind ERD

Orders

OrderDateRequiredDateShippedDateFreightShipNameShipAddressShipCityShipRegionShipPostalCodeShipCountryOrderId

* ShipVia* CustomerId* EmployeeId

Products

ProductIdProductName

* CategoryIdQuantityPerUnitUnitPriceUnitsInStockUnitsOnOrderReorderLevelDiscontinued

* SupplierId

Shippers

ShipperIdCompanyNamePhone

Suppliers

SupplierIdCompanyNameContactNameContactTitleAddressCityRegionPostalCodeCountryPhoneFaxHomePage

Categories

CategoryIdCategoryNameDescriptionPicture

Order details

* OrderId* ProductIdUnitPriceQuantityDiscount

Customers

CustomerIdCompanyNameContactNameContactTitleAddressCityRegionPostalCodeCountryPhoneFax

Employee

EmployeeIdLastNameFirstNameTitleTitleOfCourtesyBirthDateHireDateAddressCityRegionPostalCodeCountryHomePhoneExtensionPhotoNotesPhotoPath

* ReportsTo

Note:ShipVia is the name ofthe foreign key in OrderDetails that refers tothe Shippers entity.ReportsTo is the name ofthe foreign key in therecursive relationshipin the Employee entity

Summary Queries

• Summary queries involve multiple rows in a table.• The rows are GROUPED, using the GROUP BY clause.• A function (MIN, MAX, AVG, SUM, COUNT) operates on

one of the columns of the table.– E.g. select count(*) from products.– This will return the number of product ROWS in the table.– Select min(unitprice) from products

• Include or exclude grouped rows by using the HAVING clause

Summary

• Summarise the income by product, still ordered in the same way, giving totals for each product and totals for each category.

• NOTE:– There are two summaries here – one per

product and one per category.– Use the ‘WITH CUBE’ clause.

QuerySelect categoryName, cast(ProductName as char(25)) as Product,

cast (sum(([order details].unitPrice*Quantity)-Discount) as decimal(10,2))as income

fromcategories join products on categories.categoryid = products.categoryid

join [order details] on products.productid = [order details].productid

group by categoryname, productname with cube

categoryName Product income --------------- ------------------------- ------------ Beverages Chai 14274.65Beverages Chang 18554.70Beverages Chartreuse verte 13148.80Beverages Côte de Blaye 149983.10Beverages Guaraná Fantástica 4779.70Beverages Ipoh Coffee 25077.80Beverages Lakkalikööri 16791.95Beverages Laughing Lumberjack Lager 2561.40Beverages Outback Lager 11469.55Beverages Rhönbräu Klosterbier 8648.15Beverages Sasquatch Ale 6677.05Beverages Steeleye Stout 14535.10Beverages NULL 286501.95Condiments Aniseed Syrup 3079.80Condiments Chef Anton's Cajun Season 9423.30

Summary row

With Rollup

• ROLLUP specifies that, in addition to the usual rows provided by GROUP BY, summary rows are introduced into the result set.

• Groups are summarized in a hierarchical order, from the lowest level in the group to the highest.

• The group hierarchy is determined by the order in which the grouping columns are specified.

• Changing the order of the grouping columns can affect the number of rows produced in the result set.

Example

Select categoryname, count(*)as ‘Number of products’from

categories join products on products.categoryId = categories.categoryId

group by categoryname with rollup;

Resultcategoryname Number of products

--------------- ------------------

Beverages 12

Condiments 12

Confections 13

Dairy Products 10

Grains/Cereals 7

Meat/Poultry 6

Produce 5

Seafood 12

NULL 77

(9 row(s) affected)

Where and Having

• The ‘WHERE’ allows filtering on rows.– e.g. Show all order details where the value of

the order detail is > €5,000

• The ‘HAVING’ allows filtering on summary rows.– e.g. Show all orders where the value of the

order is > €10,000

Where

• Return all orderlines that cost more than €8,000Use Northwind /* Switches the database*/Select OrderId, cast(((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount)/* price per order detail */as decimal(10,2))/* format for cast */as OrderLineValue/* name the derived column */from [Order details]where(UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount >8000 /* where the cost of the row is > 8,000

output

OrderId OrderLineValue ----------- -------------- 10353 10539.8010372 8431.7510417 10540.0010424 10329.0010865 15809.9510889 10540.0010897 9903.2010981 15810.00

(8 row(s) affected)

Having

• Return all Orders that are worth more than €10,000

Use Northwind

Select Orders.OrderId, cast(sum((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount)as decimal(10,2))as OrderValue

from Orders join [Order details] on Orders.OrderId = [Order details].OrderId

group by Orders.OrderId

having sum((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount) >10000

Having – with comments

Select Orders.OrderId, /* the order number */cast /* format the output */(sum /* sum over the order */((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount)

/* price per order detail */as decimal(10,2)) /* format for cast */as OrderValue /* name the summary column */from Orders join [Order details] on Orders.OrderId =

[Order details].OrderIdgroup by Orders.OrderId

/* group the order details by order */having sum((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount) >10000

/* sale value of order > 10000 */

output

OrderId OrderValue ----------- ------------ 10353 10741.2010372 12280.2010417 11282.7010424 11492.6010479 10495.6010515 10588.0510540 10191.7010691 10164.8010817 11490.2510865 17249.9010889 11380.0010897 10835.2410981 15810.0011030 16321.15

(14 row(s) affected)

Tables joined to themselves.

• This generally takes place in a hierarchy. Two commonplace examples are

• A part is part of a part– E.g. a bulb is part of a light.– A light is part of a front grille.

• An employee reports to an employee

Example

create table part( PartNo numeric (4,0)

unique not null, PartDesc varchar(20), PartOf numeric (4,0),primary key (PartNo),foreign key (PartOf)

references Part(PartNo)

)

insert into Part (PartNo, PartDesc) values (1, 'Biggest part')

insert into Part (PartNo, PartDesc) values (2, 'Quite big part')

insert into Part values (3, 'Component part',1)

insert into Part values (4,'small part',3)

select * from partselect * from part as component join

part as container oncomponent.partof = container.partno

NorthWind ERD

Orders

OrderDateRequiredDateShippedDateFreightShipNameShipAddressShipCityShipRegionShipPostalCodeShipCountryOrderId

* ShipVia* CustomerId* EmployeeId

Products

ProductIdProductName

* CategoryIdQuantityPerUnitUnitPriceUnitsInStockUnitsOnOrderReorderLevelDiscontinued

* SupplierId

Shippers

ShipperIdCompanyNamePhone

Suppliers

SupplierIdCompanyNameContactNameContactTitleAddressCityRegionPostalCodeCountryPhoneFaxHomePage

Categories

CategoryIdCategoryNameDescriptionPicture

Order details

* OrderId* ProductIdUnitPriceQuantityDiscount

Customers

CustomerIdCompanyNameContactNameContactTitleAddressCityRegionPostalCodeCountryPhoneFax

Employee

EmployeeIdLastNameFirstNameTitleTitleOfCourtesyBirthDateHireDateAddressCityRegionPostalCodeCountryHomePhoneExtensionPhotoNotesPhotoPath

* ReportsTo

Note:ShipVia is the name ofthe foreign key in OrderDetails that refers tothe Shippers entity.ReportsTo is the name ofthe foreign key in therecursive relationshipin the Employee entity

Summary Queries

• Summary queries involve multiple rows in a table.• The rows are GROUPED, using the GROUP BY clause.• A function (MIN, MAX, AVG, SUM, COUNT) operates on

one of the columns of the table.– E.g. select count(*) from products.– This will return the number of product ROWS in the table.– Select min(unitprice) from products

• Include or exclude grouped rows by using the HAVING clause

Summary

• Summarise the income by product, still ordered in the same way, giving totals for each product and totals for each category.

• NOTE:– There are two summaries here – one per

product and one per category.– Use the ‘WITH CUBE’ clause.

QuerySelect categoryName, cast(ProductName as char(25)) as Product,

cast (sum(([order details].unitPrice*Quantity)-Discount) as decimal(10,2))as income

fromcategories join products on categories.categoryid = products.categoryid

join [order details] on products.productid = [order details].productid

group by categoryname, productname with cube

categoryName Product income --------------- ------------------------- ------------ Beverages Chai 14274.65Beverages Chang 18554.70Beverages Chartreuse verte 13148.80Beverages Côte de Blaye 149983.10Beverages Guaraná Fantástica 4779.70Beverages Ipoh Coffee 25077.80Beverages Lakkalikööri 16791.95Beverages Laughing Lumberjack Lager 2561.40Beverages Outback Lager 11469.55Beverages Rhönbräu Klosterbier 8648.15Beverages Sasquatch Ale 6677.05Beverages Steeleye Stout 14535.10Beverages NULL 286501.95Condiments Aniseed Syrup 3079.80Condiments Chef Anton's Cajun Season 9423.30

Summary row

With Rollup

• ROLLUP specifies that, in addition to the usual rows provided by GROUP BY, summary rows are introduced into the result set.

• Groups are summarized in a hierarchical order, from the lowest level in the group to the highest.

• The group hierarchy is determined by the order in which the grouping columns are specified.

• Changing the order of the grouping columns can affect the number of rows produced in the result set.

Example

Select categoryname, count(*)as ‘Number of products’from

categories join products on products.categoryId = categories.categoryId

group by categoryname with rollup;

Resultcategoryname Number of products

--------------- ------------------

Beverages 12

Condiments 12

Confections 13

Dairy Products 10

Grains/Cereals 7

Meat/Poultry 6

Produce 5

Seafood 12

NULL 77

(9 row(s) affected)

Where and Having

• The ‘WHERE’ allows filtering on rows.– e.g. Show all order details where the value of

the order detail is > €5,000

• The ‘HAVING’ allows filtering on summary rows.– e.g. Show all orders where the value of the

order is > €10,000

Where

• Return all orderlines that cost more than €8,000Use Northwind /* Switches the database*/Select OrderId, cast(((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount)/* price per order detail */as decimal(10,2))/* format for cast */as OrderLineValue/* name the derived column */from [Order details]where(UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount >8000 /* where the cost of the row is > 8,000

output

OrderId OrderLineValue ----------- -------------- 10353 10539.8010372 8431.7510417 10540.0010424 10329.0010865 15809.9510889 10540.0010897 9903.2010981 15810.00

(8 row(s) affected)

Having

• Return all Orders that are worth more than €10,000

Use Northwind

Select Orders.OrderId, cast(sum((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount)as decimal(10,2))as OrderValue

from Orders join [Order details] on Orders.OrderId = [Order details].OrderId

group by Orders.OrderId

having sum((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount) >10000

Having – with comments

Select Orders.OrderId, /* the order number */cast /* format the output */(sum /* sum over the order */((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount)

/* price per order detail */as decimal(10,2)) /* format for cast */as OrderValue /* name the summary column */from Orders join [Order details] on Orders.OrderId =

[Order details].OrderIdgroup by Orders.OrderId

/* group the order details by order */having sum((UnitPrice*Quantity)- Discount) >10000

/* sale value of order > 10000 */

output

OrderId OrderValue ----------- ------------ 10353 10741.2010372 12280.2010417 11282.7010424 11492.6010479 10495.6010515 10588.0510540 10191.7010691 10164.8010817 11490.2510865 17249.9010889 11380.0010897 10835.2410981 15810.0011030 16321.15

(14 row(s) affected)