Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
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Monitoring of the Smart GridAn Overview
Yee Wei Law
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Introduction to the Grid
Australian Standard: AS 60038-2000 “Standard voltages”:
TransmissionEHV: 275kV, 330kV, 500 kVHV: 220kVMV: 66kV
DistributionLV: 11kV, 22kV
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Why and what is the Smart Grid?
Three Smart Grid components◦ Transmission: Wide-area Monitoring System◦ Distribution: Distribution Automation◦ Consumption: Demand Response
Research Areas
Conclusion
Outline
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What is the Smart Grid Smart grid = envisioned next-gen power grid that is:
Intelligent(senses
overload, rerouting) Efficient
(meets demand
without more cost)
Accommo-dating
(renewable energy)
Motivating(demand response)
Quality-focused(minimum
disturbances, interruptions)
Resilient(to attacks, disasters)
“Green”(minimal
environmental impact)
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Why the Smart Grid? Ageing hardware + population growth = equipment at
limits Market deregulation (‘80s-‘90s)
Climate change◦ Distributed generation using renewable energy sources
Global cooperation (International Smart Grid Action Network including Australia)
Cost of outages in USA in 2002: $79B
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8-10% energy lost in transmission and distribution networks
Energy Management System (EMS): control generation, aggregation, power dispatch
EMS computes optimal power flow
However, SCADA-based EMS gives incomplete view of system steady state (resolution: several seconds)
Why WAMS?
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Aka synchrophasors, because time-synchronized using GPS Measures voltage and current phasors Typically 30 time-stamped samples per sec
Control of electromechanical oscillation, voltage, frequency etc.
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
ABB’s RES521Macrodyne’s 1690
MiCOM P847
Phadke and Thorp’s prototype circa 1988
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Generic architecture of the WAMS
PMU PMU PMU PMU...
PDC
Application Data Buffer
Real-Time Monitoring
Real-Time Control
Real-Time Protection
Layer 1: Data acquisition
Layer 2: Data management
Layer 3: Data services
Layer 4: Applications
WAN
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Remotely and efficiently identify and resolve system problems
Enables load shifting, alleviates overload conditions Reconfigures the system after disturbances or interruptions Facilitates coordination with customer services such as
time-of-use pricing, load management and DERs Maintain equipment health
Why Distribution Automation (DA)?
Substation Distribution networkControl center
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EPRI proposed advanced DA – complete automation of controllable equipment (actuators and sensors)
Sample actuators:◦ Auto-recloser: circuit breaker that re-closes after interrupting
short-circuit current◦ Voltage regulator: usually at the supply end, but also near
customers with heavy load◦ Switched capacitor bank: switched in when load is heavy,
switched out when otherwise
Advanced Distribution Automation
RecloserVoltage regulator
Switched capacitor bank
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Static sensors:
Non-static sensors:
DA: sensors
RF temperature sensor
RF leakage current sensor
Metal insulated semiconducting (MIS) sensor for detecting hydrogen
◦ Developed by Tokyo-based HiBot
◦ Able to navigate around obstacle
◦ Laser-based sensors◦ HD camera◦ Cost & energy is a
constraint
Aerial photography (SP AusNet):
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EPRI identified two critical technologies:◦ Open communication architecture◦ Redeveloped power system for component interoperability
Urban networks: fiber opticsRural networks: wireless
DA: communication
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Wireless comm technologies for DA CDMA2000 GE-MDS 900MHz Silver Spring
NetworksWi-Fi/IEEE 802.11 WiMAX/IEEE
802.16Interoper-ability
Open standard Proprietary Proprietary Open standard Open standard
Capacity 76.8 kbps (80-ms frame)153.6 kbps (40-ms frame)307.2 kbps (20-ms frame)
19.2 kbps (80 km)115 kbps (48 km)1 Mbps (32 km)
100 kbps 54 Mbps (802.11a)11 Mbps (802.11b)54 Mbps (802.11g)72 Mbps (802.11n)
9 Mbps
Latency Hundreds of milliseconds Tens of milliseconds Tens of milliseconds
Milliseconds Milliseconds
Interference rejection
DSSS, 2 GHz frequency band allows frequency band re-use
FHSS, 902-928 MHz FHSS, 902-928 MHz
802.11a: ODFM, 5 GHz802.11b: DSSS, 2.4 GHz802.11g: OFDM/DSSS, 2.4 GHz802.11n: OFDM, 2.4/5 GHz*2.4 GHz band is crowded; 5 GHz less so
OFDM, 3.65-3.70 GHz
Transmission range
Nation-wide service coverage
80 km Unknown 802.11a: 120 m802.11b/g: 140 m802.11n: 250 m
20 km
Configuration Point-to-multipoint Point-to-point, point-to-multipoint
Point-to-point Point-to-point, point-to-multipoint
Point-to-multipoint
Jemena, United Energy, Citipower and Powercor SP AusNet and Energy Australia
* Note: ZigBee is not in here
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Edge over ZigBee: RF better penetration of steel structures, energy-efficient, better security
Notable vendor: Dust Networks
6LowPAN (RFC4919, RFC4944 etc.) IPv6 for low-power wireless personal area networks Edge over ZigBee: interoperability with existing IP-based
devices Routing protocol still being standardized by the ROLL
working group (Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks)
Open mesh network standards
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Keep demand curve as flat as possible (especially during summers and winters)
Ideally, everyone uses high-efficiency appliances Motivate consumers to shift their usage to off-peak hours
Demand Response
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Price-based programs◦ Dynamic peak pricing / critical peak pricing: customers notified
in advance of critical peak times (at most several days per year)
Demand Response programs
DPP = Dynamic Peak Pricing
Source: Energy Market Consulting associates, “A Report to the Ministerial Council on Energy”, 2009
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Price-based programs◦ Time-of-use pricing: different tariffs for different hours of the
day
Demand Response programs
Available from some vendors at limited locations, for example:
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Incentive-based programs◦ Direct load control (e.g. Australian water heaters)◦ Interruptible/curtailable service: reduce load during
contingencies◦ Demand bidding, emergency demand response, capacity
market, ancillary services market etc.
Reference: US Department of Energy, “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving them,” report to the United States Congress, February 2006.
Enabling technology: smart meter and Advanced Metering Infrastructure
Demand Response programs
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Smart Meter and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
Neighborhood Area Network
Home Area Network
AMI
Smartmeter
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Smart Meter and Home Area Network In VIC, official rollout will run from 2009 to 2013
Smart meters ◦ To send meter data every 30 minutes◦ To enable remote connection/disconnection◦ To detect outage◦ To support demand response
Provide information via in-home display Provide input to smart appliances via Home Area Network (ZigBee for
Australia)
Fast charging Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) introduce harmful harmonics – smart meters will help [Masoum et al., 2010]
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Transmission PMU placement problem Low-cost transmission line monitoring
Distribution Distribution network reconfiguration
◦ Multi-objective optimization problem: minimize real losses, regulate voltage profile, load-balancing
Resilient wireless sensor network for substation monitoring and distribution automation
Coordination of load management and demand response
Overall Security
Some research areas
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Advances in sensor and comm. tech driving Smart Grid Grid modernization stimulates multi-disciplinary research In progress:
◦ $100m Smart Grid, Smart City demo project in Newscastle
◦ Intelligent Grid: CSIRO and five universities Collaboration opportunities sought
Conclusion
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EPRI, “Sensor Technologies for a Smart Transmission System,” white paper, Dec 2009.
V. Gungor and F. Lambert, “A survey on communication networks for electric system automation,” Computer Networks, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 877 – 897, 2006.
Y. Liu et al., “False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids,” Proc. 16th ACM Computer and Communications Security, 2009.
M. Masoum, P. Moses, and S. Deilami, “Load management in smart grids considering harmonic distortion and transformer derating,” in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2010, pp. 1 –7.
B.K. Panigrahi et al., “Computational Intelligence in Power Engineering”, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
Select references
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Generation◦Distributed generation◦Microgrid
Transmission◦Wide-area monitoring system (WAMS)
Distribution◦Distribution automation (DA)
Consumption◦Demand response
Smart Grid components
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)