Post on 16-Dec-2015
Modes of Inheritance
Jonathan Wolfe
Wolfson House, room 109
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbhjow/
Objectives - at the end of this lecture you should be able to:
• Identify dominant and recessive Mendelian modes of inheritance
• Describe reasons why some genetic diseases seem to depart from Mendelian expectations
Mendel’s laws
0. Genes are particulate and come in different forms known as alleles.
• Organisms (peas or humans!) have two copies of each gene but transmit only one to each offspring. Which one is transmitted is chosen at random. i.e. if you are heterozygous for two different alleles, the alleles will segregate from each other in your offspring.
• Where alleles of more than one gene are segregating, segregation at each gene occurs independently of the others.
Autosomal dominant inheritance
• All affected individuals should have an affected parent
• Both sexes should be equally affected
• Roughly 50% of the offspring of an affected individual should also be affected
• Huntington’s disease, Achondroplastic dysplasia, Neurofibromatosis.
A large autosomal dominant pedigree!
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
• Usually there is no previous family history• The most likely place to find a second affected
child is a sibling of the first
Autosomal recessive
• Inbreeding increases the chance of observing an autosomal recessive condition
• E.g. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Tay Sachs disease.
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
T/+ x T/+
T/T T/+ +/+ 1 : 2 : 1 ratio at conception
0 : 2 : 1 ratio at birth
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
• Incomplete dominance
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
+/+ = normal
+/- = death as young adult
-/- = death in childhood
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
• Incomplete dominance
• Codominance
• Silent alleles
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
• Incomplete dominance
• Codominance
• Silent alleles
• Epistasis The Bombay Phenotype:
The ABO blood group genotype cannot be deduced in h/h homozygotes.
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
• Incomplete dominance
• Codominance
• Silent alleles
• Epistasis
• Pleiotropy
• genetic heterogeneity
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
• Incomplete dominance
• Codominance
• Silent alleles
• Epistasis
• Pleiotropy
• genetic heterogeneity
• variable expressivity
• incomplete penetrance
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
• Incomplete dominance
• Codominance
• Silent alleles
• Epistasis
• Pleiotropy
• genetic heterogeneity
• variable expressivity
• incomplete penetrance
• Anticipation
E.g. Myotonic dystrophy
Number of CTGrepeats
phenotype
5 normal
19 - 30 premutant
50 - 100 mildly affected
2,000 or more severely affected
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
• Incomplete dominance
• Codominance
• Silent alleles
• Epistasis
• Pleiotropy
• genetic heterogeneity
• variable expressivity
• incomplete penetrance
• Anticipation
• germline mosaicism
• phenocopies
Phocomelia
• Incomplete ascertainment
• mitochondrial inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance
Exceptions to clear cut Mendelian inheritance
• Lethal alleles
• Incomplete dominance
• Codominance
• Silent alleles
• Epistasis
• Pleiotropy
• genetic heterogeneity
• variable expressivity
• incomplete penetrance
• Anticipation
• germline mosaicism
• phenocopies
• Incomplete ascertainment
• mitochondrial inheritance
• uniparental disomy
• linkage