Post on 05-Feb-2016
description
Modern Engine Modern Engine TechnologyTechnology
CHE 384CHE 384
Ted KaneTed Kane
17 November 200517 November 2005
Modern Engine TechnologyModern Engine Technology
• Engine TechnologyEngine Technology PFIPFI GDIGDI Advanced DieselAdvanced Diesel HEDGEHEDGE
• Modeling ToolsModeling Tools• Federal RegulationsFederal Regulations
Passenger CarsPassenger Cars Heavy-Duty TrucksHeavy-Duty Trucks
Port Fuel InjectionPort Fuel Injection• Allows more precise Allows more precise
fuel/air mixture controlfuel/air mixture control• Allows the use of the Allows the use of the
the 3-way Catalystthe 3-way Catalyst Provides a 96% Provides a 96%
reduction in HC and reduction in HC and COCO
Provides a 88% Provides a 88% reduction in NOxreduction in NOx
• Typically about 34% Typically about 34% peak efficiencypeak efficiency
Gasoline Direct InjectionGasoline Direct Injection
• Provides more flexibility Provides more flexibility with fuel injection timingwith fuel injection timing
• 20% Fuel Economy 20% Fuel Economy Increase over PFIIncrease over PFI
• Engine out emissions are Engine out emissions are better than PFI better than PFI
• Tailpipe Emissions are Tailpipe Emissions are worse than PFIworse than PFI
• Produces Particulate Produces Particulate MatterMatter
Advanced Diesel ControlAdvanced Diesel Control
• Required to meet 2007 StandardsRequired to meet 2007 Standards• Particulate FiltersParticulate Filters• Lean NOx CatalystLean NOx Catalyst
• Drops peak efficiency to ~37%Drops peak efficiency to ~37%
Advanced Diesel SchematicAdvanced Diesel Schematic
HEDGEHEDGE
• High Efficiency Durable Gasoline EngineHigh Efficiency Durable Gasoline Engine
• High Compression Otto Cycle EngineHigh Compression Otto Cycle Engine
• Can attain Diesel Like Efficiency (~40%)Can attain Diesel Like Efficiency (~40%)
HEDGE Flow SchematicHEDGE Flow Schematic
HEDGE OperationHEDGE Operation
Diesel vs OttoDiesel vs Otto
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
0 5 10 15 20
Compression Ratio
Th
eore
tica
l E
ffie
ncy
Otto Diesel
Typical S
I Otto
Com
pression Ratio
Typical C
I Diesel C
ompression R
atio
EPA Car Emission StandardsEPA Car Emission Standards
useful life NMHC CO NOx - SI NOx - CI PM - CImi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi
Tier 0 100k 0.8 10 1.2 - -Tier 1 100k 0.31 4.2 0.6 1.25 0.1Tier 2 100k 0.087 4.2 0.15 0.15 0.01
Federal Passenger Cars and Light Light-Duty Trucks
Fed Std
EPA Truck Emissions EPA Truck Emissions StandardsStandards
HC CO NOx PMg/hp-hr g/hp-hr g/hp-hr g/hp-hr
1988 1.3 15.5 10.7 0.61990 1.3 15.5 6 0.61991 1.3 15.5 5 0.251994 1.3 15.5 5 0.11998 1.3 15.5 4 0.12004 1.3 15.5 1.1 0.12007 0.14 15.5 0.2 0.01
Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Engines
Year
EPA Truck Emissions EPA Truck Emissions StandardsStandards
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
NOx (g/hp-hr)
PM
(g
/hp
-hr)
1988
1991
1998 2007
ModelingModeling
• DOE ANL Transportation TechnologyDOE ANL Transportation Technology GREETGREET PSATPSAT
• Combined to provide Well-to-Wheel Combined to provide Well-to-Wheel Estimate of emissions and fuel economyEstimate of emissions and fuel economy
GREETGREET((Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation)Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation)
Well-to-Pump Emissions ToolWell-to-Pump Emissions Tool
GREETGREET((Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation)Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation)
PSATPSAT((Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit)Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit)
• Produced by ANLProduced by ANL• Allows for simulated emissions test drive Allows for simulated emissions test drive
cyclescycles• Can be converted into prototype control Can be converted into prototype control
systemsystem• Pump-to-Wheel Emissions EstimatesPump-to-Wheel Emissions Estimates
University of Texas InvolvementUniversity of Texas Involvement
Sponsored by ANL and GMSponsored by ANL and GM
• UT Attempting to implement first HEDGE UT Attempting to implement first HEDGE engine in a vehicleengine in a vehicle Potential 40% increase in Fuel EconomyPotential 40% increase in Fuel Economy Potential to meet 2006 Tier 2 standardsPotential to meet 2006 Tier 2 standards
ConclusionConclusion
• Engine Technology has greatly reduced Engine Technology has greatly reduced emissions leading to Ozone and COemissions leading to Ozone and CO
• Modeling allows designers to analyze full Modeling allows designers to analyze full system impact, while reducing cycle time system impact, while reducing cycle time and including Wheel-to-Well emissionsand including Wheel-to-Well emissions
• Government regulations continue to drive Government regulations continue to drive technologytechnology
ReferencesReferences• Leet, J., S. Simescu, K. Froelund, L. Dodge, C. Roberts. “Emissions Solutions for 2007 and 2010 Leet, J., S. Simescu, K. Froelund, L. Dodge, C. Roberts. “Emissions Solutions for 2007 and 2010
Heavy-Duty Diesel Enginer”. SAE 2004-01-0124Heavy-Duty Diesel Enginer”. SAE 2004-01-0124• Matthews, R.D., (2001), Matthews, R.D., (2001), Internal Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering, Spring 2001 Internal Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering, Spring 2001
DraftDraft, Harper-Collins., Harper-Collins. • GREET GREET http://www.transportation.http://www.transportation.anlanl..govgov/software/GREET/index.html/software/GREET/index.html • PSAT PSAT http://www.transportation.http://www.transportation.anlanl..govgov/software/PSAT/index.html/software/PSAT/index.html • Iwamoto, Y., K. Noma, O. Nakayama, T. Yamauchi and H. Ando, (1997), “Development of Iwamoto, Y., K. Noma, O. Nakayama, T. Yamauchi and H. Ando, (1997), “Development of
Gasoline Direct Injection Engine”, SAE Paper 970541. Gasoline Direct Injection Engine”, SAE Paper 970541. • Pirault, J., T. Ryan, T. Alger, C. Roberts, (2005), “Performance Prediction for High Efficiency Pirault, J., T. Ryan, T. Alger, C. Roberts, (2005), “Performance Prediction for High Efficiency
Stoichiometric Spark Ignited Enginer”, SAE Paper SAE 2005-01-0995 Stoichiometric Spark Ignited Enginer”, SAE Paper SAE 2005-01-0995 • Alger, T., S. Hanhe, C. Roberts, T. Ryan, (2005), “The Heavy Duty Gasoline Engine – A Multi-Alger, T., S. Hanhe, C. Roberts, T. Ryan, (2005), “The Heavy Duty Gasoline Engine – A Multi-
Cylinder Study of a High Efficiency, Low Emissions Technology”, SAE Paper SAE 2005-01-1135 Cylinder Study of a High Efficiency, Low Emissions Technology”, SAE Paper SAE 2005-01-1135 • Heavy Duty Emissions Regulations http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html Heavy Duty Emissions Regulations http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html