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ModerndiatomsofArc4cseaiceCasestudyofDeaseStrait,Nunavut,Canada

KarleyCampbellPostDoctoralResearchAssociateSchoolofGeographicalSciences

UniversityofBristol

TheArc4cSpringBloom

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

1.  OverviewoficealgaeintheArc4c&thespringbloom

2.Highlightsofkeytaxa3.CaseStudy:DeaseStrait2014

Credit:SteveDuerkson

Credit:PierreCoupel

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OverviewoficealgaeintheArc4c&thespringbloom

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

[Lightetal.2003,JGR108;Leuetal.2011,ProgOceanog90;Leuetal.2015,ProgOceanog139;Campbelletal.2017,UMB22524]

Condi4onsinherentto‘sec4ons’oftheicecreateuniquecommuni4es(4)Surface•  Highlightintensi4es,variable

nutrients•  Communityandscaleis

dependentonconnec4vitytothepelagicsystem

[e.g.Mundyetal.2011,PolarBiol34][e.g.Leeetal.2011,Oceanography24:3]

•  Freshwater&marineflagellates–chainformingdiatoms

Interior•  Nutrients/Ctrappedduring

forma4onorrecycled[Fripiatetal.2014,Biogeochem119]•  Abundanceofflagellates

85°N80°N75°N

Mar April May June July Aug Sept

Old Ice 85°N

Bloom Timing

Downwelling PAR

(μmol m-2 s-1)

CommunitiesAggregates

Melosira arctica

Bottom-iceBandMelt pond

A

First-year Ice 80°N

First-year Ice 75°N

500

0

1000

Growth Interface

Brine pocket

Ice Crystal

0.5 - 1 mm

Month

MYI85°N

Surface(meltpond&Infiltra4on)

Interior(brine)

Interior(lenses,bands)

8075

85

TheArc4cSpringBloom

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

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[Lightetal.2003,JGR108;Leuetal.2011,ProgOceanog90;Leuetal.2015,ProgOceanog139;Campbelletal.2017,UMB22524]

85°N80°N75°N

Mar April May June July Aug Sept

Old Ice 85°N

Bloom Timing

Downwelling PAR

(μmol m-2 s-1)

CommunitiesAggregates

Melosira arctica

Bottom-iceBandMelt pond

A

First-year Ice 80°N

First-year Ice 75°N

500

0

1000

Growth Interface

Brine pocket

Ice Crystal

0.5 - 1 mm

Month

MYI85°N

Sub-ice

Sub-ice8075

85

Algalcommuni4esinseaice

[Assmyetal.2017,AsciReports40850]

Phaeocys)sPouche)i ExportofM.arc)ca

tobenthos[Boe4usetal.2013,Science339]

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Photocredit:LauraDalman(HudsonBay)

[Lightetal.2003,JGR108;Leuetal.2011,ProgOceanog90;Leuetal.2015,ProgOceanog139;Campbelletal.2017,UMB22524]

85°N80°N75°N

Mar April May June July Aug Sept

Old Ice 85°N

Bloom Timing

Downwelling PAR

(μmol m-2 s-1)

CommunitiesAggregates

Melosira arctica

Bottom-iceBandMelt pond

A

First-year Ice 80°N

First-year Ice 75°N

500

0

1000

Growth Interface

Brine pocket

Ice Crystal

0.5 - 1 mm

Month

MYI85°N

Boiom-ice•  Concentratedbiomass

8075

85

Algalcommuni4esinseaice

Nutrients(N)

Boiom-ice

Boiom-ice(Hummock)

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

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[Lightetal.2003,JGR108;Leuetal.2011,ProgOceanog90;Leuetal.2015,ProgOceanog139;Campbelletal.2017,UMB22524]

85°N80°N75°N

Mar April May June July Aug Sept

Old Ice 85°N

Bloom Timing

Downwelling PAR

(μmol m-2 s-1)

CommunitiesAggregates

Melosira arctica

Bottom-iceBandMelt pond

A

First-year Ice 80°N

First-year Ice 75°N

500

0

1000

Growth Interface

Brine pocket

Ice Crystal

0.5 - 1 mm

Month

MYI85°N

Boiom-ice•  Concentratedbiomass

8075

85

Algalcommuni4esinseaice

Boiom-ice

Boiom-ice(Hummock)

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Icemelt&bloomtermina4on

RegionalPPes4matesChla<1-340mgm-2

Produc4on<1-576mgCm-2d-1Regionsofhigh/lowPP•  Sizeofpoints•  Thresholdofmedianchla

intheArc4c:31mgm-2

High(2.3–576mgCm-2d-1)Low(<1–21mgCm-2d-1)

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Whystudythespringbloom?

[Campbelletal.,2018,UniversityofManitoba,hip://hdl.handle.net/1993/32412]

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Highlightsofkeytaxa(boiom-ice)[LM400x.DeaseStraitcellsunlessotherwisestated]

Algalcommuni4esinseaice

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

PennateDiatom(68%)

CentricDiatom(12%)

Other(14%)

Dinoflagellates(16%)

[Poulinetal.2011,MarBiodiv42]

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Coscinodiscineae(CentricDiatoms)

Family:Melosiraceae•  Barrelshape•  Crownofspineslockscellstogetherin4ghtchains•  Marginalringlabiateprocesses

NordicMicroalgae-SusanneBusch

Family:Thalassiosiraceae•  Cellsaresquare-octagonalin

appearance•  Chainsseparatedbythreads•  Labiateprocess

17x24μm

Suborder:CoscinodiscineaeSymmetricalcellsMarginalprocesses(common)

Suborder:BiddulphiineaeBipolarwitheleva4ons

Family:A.heyaceae

12x17μm

•  Hornslong&wavy•  Maybeinpairs

Family:ChaetocerotaceaLongsetaePrimarilyinchains

[Hasle&Syvertsen1997]

[Hasle&Syvertsen1997]

SylvieLessard

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

A.heyalongicornis(Crawford&Garnder)Plate50[Crawfordetal.1994]Scalebar10μm

A.heyaseptentrionalis(Østrup)Crawford

Examplespecies:Centricdiatoms

A.heyaspp.

CellSizeHornlengthHornundula4on&protrusion

4–6μm

4–12μmx3

x8-10

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

A.longicornis(Crawford&Garnder)Plate50[Crawfordetal.1994]Scalebar10μm

A.septentrionalis(Østrup)CrawfordDeaseStrait2014

ExampleSpecies

SimilarinappearancetoChaetocerosspp.•  Solitaryorinchains•  Setaearenotbent(atcell)orwavy•  Nosilicifiedstripingonhorns(EM)

Chaetocerusdensus(Cleve)Cleve

SylvieLessard

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Bacillariales(PennateDiatoms)

Suborder:FragilariineaeNoraphe

Suborder:RaphidineaeRaphe(slitsinvalve)

4x36μm

Synedropsishyperborea(Grunow)Hasle,Medlin&Syvertsen

Family:Fragilariaceae•  (1)Labiateprocess

nearoneorbothapices

•  Singlerowsofstria

3.5x38μm

Fragilariopsiscylindrus(Grunow)KriergerinHelmcke&Krieger

Family:Bacillariaceae•  Fibulaepresent(‘4ckmarks’)

NitzschiascabraCleve

(27x10μm)

PleurosigmastuxbergiiCleve&Grunow

265x25μm

Family:Naviculaceae•  Nofibulae•  Rapheoneachvalve•  Largelysolitary•  HeavilysilicifiedBigFamily!Handoutkey

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

4x36μm

Synedropsishyperborea(Grunow)Hasle,Medlin&Syvertsen

CylindrothecaClosterium(Ehrenberg)Reimann&J.C.Lewin

120.5x4.8μm

ExampleSpecies

84.5x7μm

Naviculadirecta(W.Smith)Ralfs

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Pseudogomphonemasp.

30x6μm

P.arc@cum/septentrionale

30x6μm

P.Groelandicum/Kamtscha@cam

31x8.5μm

ExampleSpecies

Pseudogomphonemaspp.

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

ExampleSpecies

PleurosigmastuxbergiiCleve&Grunow

265x25μm

GyrosigmaTenuissimumvar.hyperboreaGyrosigmaHudsoniiCredit:SylvieLessard

96x7μm

Pleurosigma/Gyrosigmaspp.

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

NitzschiafrigidaGrunow

ExampleSpecies

Pseudo-nitzschiaseriatavar.obtusa(Hasle)Hasle&LundholmCredit:SylvieLessardImage4496Malina2009,St690,Cast30,Btl19

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

ExampleSpecies

EntonomeisKjellmaniivar.kariana(Cleve)Poulin&Cardinal

120x24μm

NaviculaPelagicaCleve

29x3.5μm

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

CaseStudy:DeaseStrait,2014

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

DeaseStrait,Nunavut

45’ 30’ 15’ 105o

W 45’ 30’

50’

55’

69 o N

5’

10’

Cambridge Bay

Ice Camp

Dease Strait

DeaseStrait:Overview

7March-9JuneSamplingeventsIC1-IC15

ThinSnow(<10cm)ThickSnow(15-25cm)PAR

Surface

BoiomIce(0-5cm)

Interface

Nutrients(NOx,PO4,Si(OH)4)SalinityDOC

Nutrients(NOx,PO4,Si(OH)4)Salinity/Temperature PAR

ChlorophyllaProduc4on(GPP,NCP,BP)PhotophysiologyPar4culateorganiccarbon(POC)TaxonomyAbundance(flowcytometry)

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

hips://www.hydrobios.de/product/combined-plate-chamber

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

PARTransm

iiance(%

)

ThinSnow(<10cm)

ThickSnow(15-25cm)

PAR

Tran

smitt

ance

(%)

e)20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun

30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun

0

1

2

3

4

5 c)

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

AverageRaw

Albedo

Transmittance

9-Jun

6

20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May

f)

d)20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun

0

1

2

3

4

5

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

Albedo

0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

Mar April May June July

Bloom Timing

Downwelling PAR

(μmol m-2 s-1)

Isolated Connected

FYI 75°N

500

0

1000

Growth Interface

Brine pocket

Ice Crystal

0.5 - 1 mm

Brine channelMelt pond

Month

BrineNetwork

Mar April May June July

Bloom Timing

Downwelling PAR

(μmol m-2 s-1)

Isolated Connected

FYI 75°N

500

0

1000

Growth Interface

Brine pocket

Ice Crystal

0.5 - 1 mm

Brine channelMelt pond

Month

BrineNetwork

Light

DeaseStrait:SiteCondi4ons

[Campbelletal.2016,ProgressOceanography149]

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Nutrie

nts(μm

olL-1)

Nutrients

Mar April May June July

Bloom Timing

Downwelling PAR

(μmol m-2 s-1)

Isolated Connected

FYI 75°N

500

0

1000

Growth Interface

Brine pocket

Ice Crystal

0.5 - 1 mm

Brine channelMelt pond

Month

BrineNetwork

Mar April May June July

Bloom Timing

Downwelling PAR

(μmol m-2 s-1)

Isolated Connected

FYI 75°N

500

0

1000

Growth Interface

Brine pocket

Ice Crystal

0.5 - 1 mm

Brine channelMelt pond

Month

BrineNetwork

Nut

rient

s (μm

ol L

)

e)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun

PO4NO2 + NO3Si(OH)4

20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun

6

20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May

9-Jun

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May

9-Jun

f) ThickSnowe)

PO4NO + NO

20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun

Date

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 Interface

Nutrie

nts(μm

olL-1)

e)PO4NO + NO

e)PO4NO + NO

28.1psu

ThinSnow(<10cm)

[Campbelletal.2016,ProgressOceanography149]

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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Sample Date

Choanoflagellate Dinoflagellate Flagellate Pennate Diatom Centric Diatom

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Algae

Com

posit

ion (%

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9

March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9

a) Thin Snow

b) Thick Snow

68%Pennate

12%Centric

68%Pennate

12%Centric

Sample Date

Choanoflagellate Dinoflagellate Flagellate Pennate Diatom Centric Diatom

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Algae

Com

posit

ion (%

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9

March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9

a) Thin Snow

b) Thick Snow

68%Pennate

12%Centric

68%Pennate

12%Centric

AlgalSize(%)

7March

Sample Date

Choanoflagellate Dinoflagellate Flagellate Pennate Diatom Centric Diatom

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Algae

Com

posit

ion (%

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9

March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9

a) Thin Snow

b) Thick Snow

68%Pennate

12%Centric

68%Pennate

12%Centric

87.2

5.87.0

50.430.3

19.3

11.1

61.2

27.7

35.2

37.2

27.6

73.5

7.5

19.0

66.1

17.4

16.5

18.7

43.4

37.9

43.6

27.6

28.8

Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote

7 March

9 June

Seasonal Average

8 May

Thin Snow Thick Snow 87.2

5.87.0

50.430.3

19.3

11.1

61.2

27.7

35.2

37.2

27.6

73.5

7.5

19.0

66.1

17.4

16.5

18.7

43.4

37.9

43.6

27.6

28.8

Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote

7 March

9 June

Seasonal Average

8 May

Thin Snow Thick Snow

8May

M

P

87.2

5.87.0

50.430.3

19.3

11.1

61.2

27.7

35.2

37.2

27.6

73.5

7.5

19.0

66.1

17.4

16.5

18.7

43.4

37.9

43.6

27.6

28.8

Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote

7 March

9 June

Seasonal Average

8 May

Thin Snow Thick Snow

9June

ThinSnow(<10cm) ThickSnow(15-25cm)

N

87.2

5.87.0

50.430.3

19.3

11.1

61.2

27.7

35.2

37.2

27.6

73.5

7.5

19.0

66.1

17.4

16.5

18.7

43.4

37.9

43.6

27.6

28.8

Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote

7 March

9 June

Seasonal Average

8 May

Thin Snow Thick Snow 87.2

5.87.0

50.430.3

19.3

11.1

61.2

27.7

35.2

37.2

27.6

73.5

7.5

19.0

66.1

17.4

16.5

18.7

43.4

37.9

43.6

27.6

28.8

Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote

7 March

9 June

Seasonal Average

8 May

Thin Snow Thick Snow 87.2

5.87.0

50.430.3

19.3

11.1

61.2

27.7

35.2

37.2

27.6

73.5

7.5

19.0

66.1

17.4

16.5

18.7

43.4

37.9

43.6

27.6

28.8

Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote

7 March

9 June

Seasonal Average

8 May

Thin Snow Thick Snow

PN

M P

N

MM

P

N

PN

M P

N

M

7March 8May 9June

AlgalType(%)

12%Centric

68%Pennate

PennateDiatom

CentricDiatom

PennateDiatom

CentricDiatom

Pico-(<2μm) Nano-(2-20μm) Micro-(>20μm)

[Campbelletal.2018,PolarBiology41]

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

Epiphy4cAAheyasp.onNitzschiafrigidacolony AAheyasp.

Nitzschiafrigida

Species-specifictoleranceofenvironmentalcondiYons?•  lowsalinitysurfacewaters•  lownitrogencondi4ons•  highlightintensi4es(increaseover

springandunderthicksnow)[Melnikovetal.2002,DeepSeaResI49,1623–1649]

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Produc4onwithoutmul4plelightscaiering

Produc4onwithmul4plelightscaiering

00

Importanceofspeciescomposi4ononPP?

Light PhaseIHeterotrophy

PhaseIIAutotrophy

Ē 0(μ

molm

2s-1)

Ê 0(μ

molm

2s-1)

(Abu

ndancex106cellsL-1)

NetCom

mun

ityProdu

c4on

(μmolO

2L-1h

-1)

NetCom

mun

ityProdu

c4on

(μ

molO

2L-1d

-1)

POC(m

gm

2 )

Chla(m

gm

2 )

Ê0

Ē0

PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018

[Campbelletal.2017,GRL44]

Timetolookatsomesamples…