Biotechnology Summerschool, Sion, Sept 2017

Modelling Alzheimer’s disease in vitro

Laura Suter-Dick

11day-differentiated APP-GFP ReN cells

02.03.2017Dr. C. Gaiser and Prof. L. Suter-Dick 2

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Statistics:

• Worldwide, nearly 44 million people have

AD or a related dementia

• Alzheimer’s and other dementias are

the top cause for disabilities in later life

•

• The cost of caring for AD-patients in the

U.S. is estimated to be $236 billion in 2016

• The global cost of AD and dementia is

estimated to be $605 billion, which is

equivalent to 1% of the entire world’s

gross domestic product

02.03.2017Dr. C. Gaiser and Prof. L. Suter-Dick 3

Forms of AD:

• Alzheimer disease (AD): most common form of age-related dementia, progressive

memory loss and cognitive impairment

• Familial AD (FAD): Familial, early-onset (<60y.), autosomal dominant forms of AD

caused by mutations in b-amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 and 2

(PSEN1, PSEN2)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Castellani & Perry, Biochem Pharm Review, 2014

DAPT N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-Butyl Ester

A cell-permeable dipeptide that inhibits γ-secretase and suppresses Aβ production (Aβ total IC50 = 115 nM; Aβ42 IC50 = 200 nM)

Reported to reduce extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular Aβ accumulation in 3xTgAD transgenic mice

Compound E

A cell permeable, g-secretase inhibitor XXI

b-secretase inhibitor IV

A cell-permeable isophthalamide compound containing hydroxyethylamine motif that binds to BACE-1 active site and potently

blocks its proteolytic activity (IC50 = 15 nM for BACE-1, human and 29 nM for sAPP_NF in HEK293-APPNFEV cells).

SGSM41

γ-secretase modulator, potently inhibiting the generation of Aβ42 and to a lesser extent Aβ40 while concomitantly increasing Aβ38

Aβ3

b- and g- secretase inhibitors

Current treatment for AD

Symptomatic treatment

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two types of medications

1) Cholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept, Exelon, Razadyne): They inhibit the acetylcholinesterase from breaking down

acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

2) Memantine (Namenda): Acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors. It has been associated with a

moderate decrease in clinical deterioration with only a small positive effect on cognition, mood, behavior, etc

to treat the cognitive symptoms (memory loss, confusion, and problems with thinking and reasoning) of Alzheimer's disease.

Antibodies agains A-beta: solanezumab (a humanised monoclonal antibody that promotes β-amyloid clearance in the

brain), failed in recent Phase III clinical trials

Biologicals

Key factors in AD

5

Musiek & Holzman, Nature Neurosciences, 2015

APP

PSEN

London mutation: V717I

first described in APP, 1991

english and american families

most commun worldwide

increase Ab42,

early onset AD

Swedish double: K670N, M671L

described in swedish families,

1992

increase Ab levels

early onset AD

APP encodes for beta-amyloid precursor protein

http://www.alzforum.org/databases

PSEN1 encodes presenilin-1, a subunit of the y-secretase

S290C mutation

T291-S319 del=DE9

english family (Perez-Tur et

al.,1995)

abrogates the splice acceptor site

so that exon 9 is spliced out of

transcripts

early onset AD

Schaeffer et al., 2011

In vivo systems: No mouse models fully replicate the human disease

In vitro systems

Kim et al., 2015, Nature protocols

2D cultures: secreted amyloid b diffuses into a large volume of media

3D cultures: accelerate amyloid b deposition by limiting its diffusion and allowing for aggregation

11

Goal of the our project

• The goal of the research was to generate an in vitro model to recreate key events

involved in the pathophysiology of AD

• Deposition of A-beta plaques

• Hyperphosphorilation of Tau and intracellular deposition of pTau tangles

• Neuroinflammation

Walker and Jucker, 2013 Swartfager et al., 2014Walker and Jucker, 2013

12

Differentiation of the human neural progenitors ReN VM cells

Nestin

GFAP

2 week-

differentiated

ReN cells

MAP2

13

ReN-GFP

ReN-GFP-APP

ReN-GFP-APP-PSEN APP-SL PSEN-DE9IREST2AGFPCMV

APP-SLT2AGFPCMV

GFPCMV

• Polycistronic lentiviral constructs

Lentiviral transduction

APP-SL: APP with both K670N/M671L (Swedish) and V717I (London) mutations

PSEN-DE9: PSEN1 with deleted exon 9

14

GFP-APP-PSEN highP0 P2 P4

GFP-APP-PSEN lowP0 P2 P4

P3 P5 P7GFP-high

P7

P6

52.6%

45.4% 29.1% 29.6%

21.3% 24.5% 28.3%

27.9% 22.7% 9.1% 8.8%

GFP enrichment of the FAD GFP+ cell lines

GFP-APP-PSEN

HIGHLOW

15

FACS1 FACS2

Wt+Mut (380 bp)

APP

*

*

APP

primer

binding sites

Mut (357 bp)

FACS1 FACS2

*

*

APP London

primer

binding sites

London mutation:

V717I

APP Swedish

primer

binding sites

FACS1 FACS2

Mut ( 217 bp)

*

*

Swedish mutated APP

Swedish mutations:

K670N; M671L Wt (308 bp)Mut (221 bp)

Presenilin1

FACS1 FACS2

PSEN1

primer

binding sites

PSENDE9:

S290C

London mutated APP

Expression of the mutated constructs in enriched FAD GFP+ ReN cells

16

GFP GAP-High GAP-Low

3 weeks

7 weeks

10 weeks

2 weeks

6 weeks

8 weeks

3 weeks

7 weeks

12 weeks

GFP expression of differentiated FAD 3D-cultures

Cell death increased in GAP High expressing cells after 9 weeks => related to FAD-phenotype?

17

Viability of the 3D cultures

>8 weeks: reduction of

axonal connectivity and

cell death in FAD-line

GFP 8 weeks GFP-APP-PSEN high 8 weeks

18

Ab pathology: production of Ab42 from 6 weeks onwards

19

Ab pathology: Ab deposits in 6 week-old 3D cultures

Medium

Medium

SmallSmall

Small

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Large 50-100um

Medium 30um Small 10um

Nu

mb

er

of

Ab

dep

osit

s

Size of Ab deposits, N =3

Ab deposits in thin-layer 6week-old 3D cultures

GFP

GAP High**

Large

Large

Medium

Large

GFP-APP-PSEN High (6 weeks)

Small

Medium

Ab

GFP-APP-PSEN Low

12 weeksAb

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Large >50um Medium 30um Small 10-20 um

Nu

mb

er

of

Ab

de

po

sit

s

Size of Ab deposits

GFP 9 weeks

GAP Low 12 weeks

20

pTau pathology: analysis of 3R/4R Tau isoforms by RT-PCR

3R Tau

6-week differentiated

3D thin-layer

cultures

4R Tau

300 bp

400 bp

Human

brain

21

pTau pathology: IF on 9 and 10-week old 3D cultures

pTauGFP-APP-PSEN High 10weeks

pTauGFP 9 weeks GFP-APP-PSEN High 9 weeks pTau

Neuroinflammation: Inclusion of inflammatory cells (THP-1)

control TNFa

6h-THP1

conditioned

medium

24h-THP1

conditioned

medium

control

6h-THP1

conditioned

medium

3D matrigel thin layer ReN culture

10 days in differentiation48h incubation

THP-1 cells-

conditioned

medium

ReN cells

24h:

control:

6h:

THP-1 diff.Activation

1μg/mL

LPS 24h

Untreated

control

24h

3D ReN cultures

2D THP-1 cultures

adapt to

ReN medium

24h

THP-1 diff.

THP-1 diff.

adapt to

ReN medium

24h

adapt to

ReN medium

24h

hTNF-α

100ng/mL

Activation

1μg/mL

LPS 6h

22

23

Neuroinflammation: Inclusion of inflammatory cells (THP-1)

differentiated THP-1

ReN

Differentiated THP-1 were printed on 3D Matrigel-ReN printed cells (3-day differentiated) using a RegenHU Bioprinter

and imaged after 5 days in culture (A: opening time: 100msec; B: opening time: 200msec).

0

10

20

30

40

Co

nc

en

trati

on

of

TN

F-

a (p

g/m

L)

Printed cultures

Production of TNF-a

ReN+THP-1100usec

ReN+THP-1200usec

A B

N.D.

0

5

10

15

20

Concentr

ation o

f T

NF

-a(p

g/m

L)

Printed cultures

Production of TNF-a

24

Neuroinflammation: Inclusion of THP-1 leads to neuronal cell

vacuolization

differentiated THP-1

ReN-GFP

ReN-GFP ReN-GFP+THP-1GFP GFP

ReN-GFP

ReN-GFP ReN-GFP+THP-1

PI/GFP PI/GFP

PI PI

GFP GFP

25

• Cells expressing FAD mutations are functional in terms of neuronal and glial

differentiation

• Phenotype

• Secretion of Ab42 in 2D and 3D cultures

• Detectable Abeta deposits in 6week and 12week -old 3D cultures

• Expression of p-Tau in axons, dendrites and cell bodies in 10week-old 3D

cultures

• Increased neuronal death in FAD-high cell line

• Amenable to co-culture with THP-1 and bioprinting

• Inflammatory stimuli (co-culture) cause neuronal damage

Conclusions

Unparalleled opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying AD and

the effects of pharmacological interventions

26

Acknowledgements

HLS, FHNW

Carine Gaiser

Anna Weston, Franziska Lampart

Linda Mauch, Nicole Pina

Felix Schuler, Nicola Vogt

F. Hoffmann-La Roche

Karl-Heinz Baumann, Christoph Patch, Carlo Cusulin, Viviane Anquez

Bernd Bohrmann, Françoise Gerber

FMI

Hubertus Koehler