Mobile Operating Systems: Android

Nicos Demetriou

Operating Systems for New Architectures Fall Semester 2012

Outline

• Application Development

• Experiments

– Emulator, VM, Real device

– Metrics

– Applications

– Results

• Conclusions

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Android OS - Application development

• Tools needed: – Android SDK – Java JDK, Eclipse – Android Development Tools plugin

• Application components: – Activities: Interactive Tasks – Services: Non-interactive Tasks – Content providers: Database Server – Broadcast receivers: Capture event responses – Intents: Component activation mechanism

• Device Emulator inside Android SDK

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Android OS - Application development

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Android OS - Application development

• Graphical User Interface

– Layouts and Views (Widgets)

– Only the main thread can directly call View methods

– Call-back mechanism for other threads to command the execution of a View method in the main thread

• Manifest File (AndroidManifest.xml)

– Describes the application and components used

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Android OS - Application development <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

package="com.example.android.notepad" >

<application android:icon="@drawable/app_notes“ android:label="@string/app_name" >

<provider android:name="NotePadProvider"

android:authorities="com.example.notepad.provider.NotePad" />

<activity android:name="NoteEditor"

android:theme="@android:style/Theme.Light"

android:configChanges="keyboardHidden|orientation">

<intent-filter android:label="@string/resolve_edit">

<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />

<action android:name="android.intent.action.EDIT" />

<action android:name="com.android.notes.action.EDIT_NOTE" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />

<data android:mimeType="vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.google.note" />

</intent-filter>

<intent-filter>

<action android:name="android.intent.action.INSERT" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />

<data android:mimeType=“vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.google.note" />

</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>

<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="3" android:targetSdkVersion="4"/>

</manifest>

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Android OS - Application development

• Bin/

– classes/ holds the compiled Java classes

– classes.dex holds the executable created from the compiled Java classes

– nameapp.ap_ holds your application’s resources, packaged as a ZIP file

– nameapp.apk is the actual Android application (where nameapp is the name of your application)

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Android OS - Application development

• src: It contains all source code file (.java file) of android application

• res/

– drawable: it contains images or pictures

– layout: contains XML files that contain the UI layout used in Project or view window of an application

– values: Arrays, colors, dimensions, strings, and styles are declared in XML files

– raw: it contains non-complied file (e.g. Audio file .mp3, video file .mpg)

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Android OS - Application development

• assets: External content reference

• libs: Holds any third-party Java JARs your application requires

• gen:

– The R.java file is an index (id) into all the resources defined in the file

– This class files are used in source code file or it gives for reference/location user interface object that is used in the source code

– Automatically generated files

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Android OS - Application development

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Android OS - Application development

• Deploying an Android application to apk file

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Focus on • Testing applications on:

– SDK Emulator

– Real device

– Virtual Machine running Android

• Share experience

• Compare metrics: – CPU usage

– Memory

• Using low level commands (adb)

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Experimenting – SDK Emulator

• Supported in all operating systems

• Android Emulator

• Supports various versions of Android

• Functionality of real device (buttons, keyboard)

• Android Virtual Device manager – Customize device

• Use shell commands through terminal

• Used along with Eclipse to debug applications

• Device used: Nexus One with Android 2.3/4.0

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Experimenting – SDK Emulator

• Android Virtual Device manager

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Experimenting – SDK Emulator

• How to execute it

1. Run as an Android Application in Eclipse

2. AVD Manager

3. Through terminal: ..\Android\android-sdk\platform-tools>adb devices

..\Android\android-sdk\tools>emulator -avd AndroidEmulator

• Basic Commands

a) Load .apk files in android-sdk\platform-tools b) ..\Android\android-sdk\platform-tools>adb install [apk]

c) adb shell

d) adb pull <file>

e) adb push <file>

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Experimenting – SDK Emulator

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Experimenting – Virtual Machine

• VMWare Player with Android 2.2

• Android OS Image free for various hardware – http://www.android-x86.org/download

• Live CD or installation on disk

• Minor changes to add network support

• Little complicate to add USB flash as SDCard

• Install applications from SDCard or internet

• Customizable hardware

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Experimenting – Virtual Machine

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Experimenting – Real Mobile Device

• Model: Huawei Sonic U8650

• Android v2.3.3 (Gingerbread)

• Install applications from Google Play or SDCard

• More stable

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Experimenting – Real Mobile Device

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Experiments – Specifications

HUAWEI Emulator VM CPU 600MHz (ARMv6) 204MHz 1,60GHz

Memory 177MB 504MB 882MB Disk 160MB 197MB 2GB

Display Resolution 320x480 480x720 800x600 Android OS v2.3 v2.3/4.0 v2.2

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Experiments - Metrics

• CPU

• Memory

• Filesystem / IO

• Graphics

• Network utilization

• Evaluation

– Benchmark Applications

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Experiments - Metrics

• Benchmark Applications

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Application CPU Memory I/O Graphics Network

Quadrant Standard Edition x x x x

Linpack for Android x

RealPi BenchMark x

BenchMark x x x x

0xBench x x x x x

MemBench x

An3DBench x

SpeedTest x

Experiments - Quadrant Standard Edition

• CPU, I/O, 3D graphics Benchmark

• Compares your device with other brand devices

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Experiments - Quadrant Standard Edition

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CPU Memory IO Graphics

Quadrant Standard Edition

VM

Emulator

Emulator 4.0

Real Device

Experiments – Linpack for Android

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• CPU benchmark

• Measure of system’s floating point computing power

– N x N linear equations Ax = b

• Reflection of the Android Dalvik

• Results in MFLOPS

Experiments – Linpack for Android

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MFLOPS Time (s) Norm Res

Single Thread

VM

Emulator

Android 4.0

Real Device

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MFLOPS Time (s) Norm Res

MultiThread

VM

Emulator

Android 4.0

Real Device

Experiments – RealPi Benchmark

• CPU and memory performance

• Calculates the value of Pi to many decimal places

• AGM + FFT formula (Arithmetic Geometric Mean

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Experiments – RealPi Benchmark

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3500,00

Time for 1000000 digits (s)

RealPi Benchmark

VM

Emulator

Android 4.0

Real Device

Experiments - Benchmark

• 2D Graphic performance

• CPU performance

• Memory performance

• File system performance

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Experiments - Benchmark

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Totalgraphics

score

Total CPUscore

Totalmemory

score

Total filesystemscore

Benchmark

VM

Emulator

Android 4.0

Real Device

Experiments – 0xBench

• Comprehensive benchmark suite

• C library and system call – LinPack

– SciMark2

• OpenGL

• 2D Canvas

• Garbage collection in Dalvik

• JavaScript engine

• Open source

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Experiments – 0xBench

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VM

Emulator

Android 4.0

Real Device

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30000

35000

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GarbageCollection

VM

Emulator

Android 4.0

Real Device

Experiments - MemBench

• Simple Memory Benchmark

• Integer array copy and sum

• Runs 4 times

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Experiments - MemBench

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Copy MB/sec Add MB/sec

MemBench

VM

Emulator

Emulator v4.0

Real Device

Experiments - An3DBench

• Based on jPCT 3d engine

• Runs 7 tests from fill rate to complex scenes

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Experiments - An3DBench

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High ObjectCount (fps)

MultipleLihgt (fps)

HighPolygon

count (fps)

Keyframeanimation

(fps)

Game level(fps)

An3DBench

VM

Emulator

Emulator v4.0

Real Device

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Total

An3DBench

VM

Emulator

Emulator v4.0

Real Device

Experiments - SpeedTest

• Discover your Download, Upload, and Ping

• Real-time graphs show connection consistency

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Experiments - SpeedTest

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Ping (ms) Download (kbps) Upload (kbps)

SpeedTest

VM

Emulator

Emulator v4.0

Real Device

Other benchmark applications for Android

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Application CPU Memory I/O Graphics Network

AnTuTu Benchmark x x x x x

SmartBench 2012 x x x x

NBench x x

CPUBenchmark x

NenaMark x

BrowserMark x

Conclusions

• Android Application Development A bit tricky

• CPU is the major factor

• Newer versions of Android perform better

• Real devices are more stable

• Some applications are not supported by VM and Emulator

• But…good for testing No harm to OS

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Other options – Blue Stacks

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References

• Developing Applications – http://developer.android.com/tools/building/index.html

• Virtual Machine / Emulator – http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1474956 – http://developer.android.com/tools/devices/emulator.html – http://tutorialfor-android.blogspot.com.es/2012/07/how-to-download-apk-from-google-play-

to.html – http://www.vladan.fr/how-to-install-android-in-vmware-workstation/ – http://quinxy.com/2011/03/12/running-android-2-2-in-vmware-in-less-than-5-minutes/

• Experimenting – http://www.phonearena.com/news/10-useful-Android-benchmark-apps_id26876 – http://www.techhive.com/article/255977/how_to_benchmark_your_android_device.html – http://www.howtogeek.com/111594/how-to-benchmark-your-android-device-5-free-apps/ – http://code.google.com/p/0xbench/

• Book & paper – Beginning Android Application Development – Wei-Meng Lee – Evaluating Android OS for Embedded Real-time Systems - Cl´audio Maia, Lu´ıs Nogueira, Lu´ıs

Miguel Pinho

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Mobile Operating Systems: Android

Nicos Demetriou

Operating Systems for New Architectures Fall Semester 2012