Post on 02-Apr-2015
mi.ttu.ee
USAGE OF ESTONIAN OIL SHALE
Enno Reinsalu Ingo Valgma Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Mining
Erik Väli Estonian Oil Shale Mining Company Eesti Põlevkivi
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
2 mi.ttu.ee
There are two types of oil shale in Estonia
• Dictyonema argillite (siltstone or black shale): – Content of organic matter 6…15 %– Mo, V and U content 100…1200 g/t
• Kukersite (oil shale): – Kerogen (organic matter) content 20…55 %– Calorific value 7…19 MJ/kg– No heavy metals
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
3 mi.ttu.ee
Dictyonema argillite
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
4 mi.ttu.ee
Kukersite
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
5 mi.ttu.ee
Dictyonema argillite was mined
… in town Sillamäe 1949…1952 as uranium ore.
0
20
40
60
80
100
1949 1950 1951 1952 since 1969
Years
Min
ed o
re (
DA
), t
hous
and
t
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pos
sibl
e ur
aniu
m,
t
Ore Metal
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
6 mi.ttu.ee
Kukersite is mined today
Oil plantOil plantOil plantOil plantOil plantOil plantOil plantOil plantOil plant
Closed plantClosed plantClosed plantClosed plantClosed plantClosed plantClosed plantClosed plantClosed plant
Power plantPower plantPower plantPower plantPower plantPower plantPower plantPower plantPower plant
Closed power plantClosed power plantClosed power plantClosed power plantClosed power plantClosed power plantClosed power plantClosed power plantClosed power plant
NarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarva
Narva-Narva-Narva-Narva-Narva-Narva-Narva-Narva-Narva-JõesuuJõesuuJõesuuJõesuuJõesuuJõesuuJõesuuJõesuuJõesuu
Eesti Eesti Eesti Eesti Eesti Eesti Eesti Eesti Eesti Power PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower Plant
SlantsõSlantsõSlantsõSlantsõSlantsõSlantsõSlantsõSlantsõSlantsõ
Lake PeipsiLake PeipsiLake PeipsiLake PeipsiLake PeipsiLake PeipsiLake PeipsiLake PeipsiLake Peipsi
Gulf of NarvaGulf of NarvaGulf of NarvaGulf of NarvaGulf of NarvaGulf of NarvaGulf of NarvaGulf of NarvaGulf of Narva
JõhviJõhviJõhviJõhviJõhviJõhviJõhviJõhviJõhvi
SillamäeSillamäeSillamäeSillamäeSillamäeSillamäeSillamäeSillamäeSillamäe
AhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmePower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower PlantPower Plant
Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-JärveJärveJärveJärveJärveJärveJärveJärveJärveKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõli
Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-Kohtla-NõmmeNõmmeNõmmeNõmmeNõmmeNõmmeNõmmeNõmmeNõmme
PüssiPüssiPüssiPüssiPüssiPüssiPüssiPüssiPüssi
Surface mined areaSurface mined areaSurface mined areaSurface mined areaSurface mined areaSurface mined areaSurface mined areaSurface mined areaSurface mined area
Underground mineUnderground mineUnderground mineUnderground mineUnderground mineUnderground mineUnderground mineUnderground mineUnderground mine
Permissions arePermissions arePermissions arePermissions arePermissions arePermissions arePermissions arePermissions arePermissions arenot resolutednot resolutednot resolutednot resolutednot resolutednot resolutednot resolutednot resolutednot resoluted
New mineNew mineNew mineNew mineNew mineNew mineNew mineNew mineNew mine
© Enno Reinsalu, 2007
Flooded mineFlooded mineFlooded mineFlooded mineFlooded mineFlooded mineFlooded mineFlooded mineFlooded mine
ReservationReservationReservationReservationReservationReservationReservationReservationReservation
RakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvere
KundaKundaKundaKundaKundaKundaKundaKundaKunda
MezhduretshijeMezhduretshijeMezhduretshijeMezhduretshijeMezhduretshijeMezhduretshijeMezhduretshijeMezhduretshijeMezhduretshije
Põhja-KiviõliPõhja-KiviõliPõhja-KiviõliPõhja-KiviõliPõhja-KiviõliPõhja-KiviõliPõhja-KiviõliPõhja-KiviõliPõhja-Kiviõli
KirovskojeKirovskojeKirovskojeKirovskojeKirovskojeKirovskojeKirovskojeKirovskojeKirovskoje
UbjaUbjaUbjaUbjaUbjaUbjaUbjaUbjaUbjaHaljalaHaljalaHaljalaHaljalaHaljalaHaljalaHaljalaHaljalaHaljala
KiroviKiroviKiroviKiroviKiroviKiroviKiroviKiroviKirovi
LeningradskajaLeningradskajaLeningradskajaLeningradskajaLeningradskajaLeningradskajaLeningradskajaLeningradskajaLeningradskaja
nr 4nr 4nr 4nr 4nr 4nr 4nr 4nr 4nr 4
VanamõisaVanamõisaVanamõisaVanamõisaVanamõisaVanamõisaVanamõisaVanamõisaVanamõisa
KiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõliKiviõli
EstoniaEstoniaEstoniaEstoniaEstoniaEstoniaEstoniaEstoniaEstonia
AhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtmeAhtme
nr 2nr 2nr 2nr 2nr 2nr 2nr 2nr 2nr 2KävaKävaKävaKävaKävaKävaKävaKävaKäva
SompaSompaSompaSompaSompaSompaSompaSompaSompa
KukruseKukruseKukruseKukruseKukruseKukruseKukruseKukruseKukruse
ViruViruViruViruViruViruViruViruViru
PuhatuPuhatuPuhatuPuhatuPuhatuPuhatuPuhatuPuhatuPuhatu
PermiskülaPermiskülaPermiskülaPermiskülaPermiskülaPermiskülaPermiskülaPermiskülaPermisküla
OanduOanduOanduOanduOanduOanduOanduOanduOandu
Uus KiviõliUus KiviõliUus KiviõliUus KiviõliUus KiviõliUus KiviõliUus KiviõliUus KiviõliUus Kiviõli
OjamaaOjamaaOjamaaOjamaaOjamaaOjamaaOjamaaOjamaaOjamaa
KabalaKabalaKabalaKabalaKabalaKabalaKabalaKabalaKabala
TuduTuduTuduTuduTuduTuduTuduTuduTudu
KohalaKohalaKohalaKohalaKohalaKohalaKohalaKohalaKohala UljasteUljasteUljasteUljasteUljasteUljasteUljasteUljasteUljaste
RakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereRakvereSondaSondaSondaSondaSondaSondaSondaSondaSonda
PeipsiPeipsiPeipsiPeipsiPeipsiPeipsiPeipsiPeipsiPeipsi
SeliSeliSeliSeliSeliSeliSeliSeliSeli
PadaPadaPadaPadaPadaPadaPadaPadaPada
111111111
NarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarvaNarva
AiduAiduAiduAiduAiduAiduAiduAiduAidu
UsnovaUsnovaUsnovaUsnovaUsnovaUsnovaUsnovaUsnovaUsnova
Nr 3Nr 3Nr 3Nr 3Nr 3Nr 3Nr 3Nr 3Nr 3
KohtlaKohtlaKohtlaKohtlaKohtlaKohtlaKohtlaKohtlaKohtlaTammikuTammikuTammikuTammikuTammikuTammikuTammikuTammikuTammiku
Sirgala-ViivikonnaSirgala-ViivikonnaSirgala-ViivikonnaSirgala-ViivikonnaSirgala-ViivikonnaSirgala-ViivikonnaSirgala-ViivikonnaSirgala-ViivikonnaSirgala-Viivikonna
6
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
7 mi.ttu.ee
Oil resource
0.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m2 0.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m20.4 t/m2
0.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m2
0.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m2
0.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m2
0.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m2
0.5 t/m20.5 t/m20.5 t/m20.5 t/m20.5 t/m20.5 t/m20.5 t/m20.5 t/m20.5 t/m2
0,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,2
0.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m2
0.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m20.6 t/m2
0.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m20.7 t/m2
0.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m20.8 t/m2
0.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m20.9 t/m2
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
8 mi.ttu.ee
Energy rating of oil shale, GJ/m2
10x10km
4341
39 37
31
2725
35
3329
21
23
45
43
25
45
4727
33
37
39
41
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
9 mi.ttu.ee
Oil shale mining
0
10
20
30
40
1920 1930 1940 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998
An
nu
al o
utp
ut,
Mt
Underground Surface
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
10 mi.ttu.ee
Indicator Unit Unmined % Mined out % Total or average
Area km2 2476 86% 409 14% 2884Oil shale tonnage Mt 10139 84% 1900 16% 12039
In-place tonnage t/m2 4,1 98% 4,6 111% 4,2
Specific weight t/m3 1,8 101% 1,7 96% 1,8
Quantity Mm3 5657 84% 1116 16% 6774Energy PJ 74524 81% 17283 19% 91808
Energy rating GJ/m2 30 95% 42 133% 32Oil resource Mt 1342 81% 311 19% 1652
Oil yield per m2 t/m2 0,54 95% 0,76 133% 0,57Oil yield t/t 0,13 96% 0,16 119% 0,14
Data of Estonian oil shale deposit
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
11 mi.ttu.ee
Oil shale mining
• Started in 1916, opencast method• Room-and-pillar underground mining started
1922• 1971…2001 longwall mining with shearers • 10 surface mines • 13 underground mines have been in
operation. • New mining operations – increase in oil
shale processing or cement production
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
12 mi.ttu.ee
Thickness
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
13 mi.ttu.ee
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
1 600
Kaevandatud
V, Mm3
Kaevandatud 0 0 0 26 101 24 17 0 0 2 10 40 66 524 290 56
V, Mm3 20 83 196 292 475 561 697 639 520 525 520 623 649 931 229 27
1,45 1,55 1,65 1,75 1,85 1,95 2,05 2,15 2,25 2,35 2,45 2,55 2,65 2,75 2,85 2,94
Oil shale resource
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
14 mi.ttu.ee
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
350 000
400 000
450 000
500 000
Res
surs
s, t
uh
t
t/m2
Põlevkiviõli ressurss
Kaevandatud 0 0 0 0 12 000 147 000 119 000
Kaevandamata 15 000 182 000 291 000 275 000 330 000 309 000 66 000
0,3 0,35 0,45 0,55 0,65 0,75 0,8
Oil resource
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
15 mi.ttu.ee
Surface mining
Narva open cast
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
16 mi.ttu.ee
Underground mining
Heiki Bauert
Estonia mine
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
17 mi.ttu.ee
Conditions of mineability
• Layers A…F as mineable bed
• Energy rating of bed 25…35 GJ/m2
• Surface mining, if overburden < 25..30 m
• Absence of environmental protection areas
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
18 mi.ttu.ee
Composition of oil shale as fuel
K+A = -0.4K2+0.8K+0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Kerogen (K) content
Ash
(A
) an
d C
O2
cont
ent
Kerogen (K)
Ash (A)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)k
E nno R einsalu 2007
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
19 mi.ttu.ee
Energy and oil content
Calorific value and oil yield of oil shale are proportional to kerogen content
Calorific value of Kerogen’s is 35±3 MJ/kg therefore
Q = 35 K, MJ/kgwhere K is kerogen share (100% = 1)Oil yield formula is
T = 65,5 K = 1,86 Q %.
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
20 mi.ttu.ee
Weight of oil shale
Weight of dry oil shale depends on the ratio of kerogen, lime and clay minerals. It correlates to calorific value and ranges from 1,22 to 1,72 t/m³
Weight of limestone, accompanying oil shale, is from 2,1 to 2,45 t/m³
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
21 mi.ttu.ee
An example - sheet of mineability calculations
Block: Ojamaa 1Layers: A…Flower
Geological data Run-off-mine, dry Run-off-mine, natural
Extrac- Thickness Calorific value Fischer Org. Volum Mass Oil Org. Energy Moisture Calorific value Volum Mass Energy
Layer, seam tion natural extraxt. heigth MJ/kg oli matter weight product. product. product. product. content MJ/kg weight product. product.
rate m m m kcal/kg GJ/t % % t/m3 t/m2 t/m2 t/m2 GJ/m2% kcal/kg GJ/t t/m3 t/m2 GJ/m2
Topsoil 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.000
Morain 0 2 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.000
Rock 0 25.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.000
Upper H 0 0.20 0.00 2000 8.4 15.0 22.5 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.2 1589 6.65 1.94 0.00 0.00
bed (not H/G 0 0.20 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00
mineable) G 0 0.15 0.00 4500 18.8 33.8 50.6 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.9 3716 15.56 1.49 0.00 0.00
G/F3 0 0.10 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00
F3 0 0.3 0.00 1100 4.6 8.3 12.4 1.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.2 876 3.67 2.13 0.00 0.00
Inter- F3/F1-2 0 0.13 0.00 600 2.5 4.5 6.7 2.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.8 600 2.51 2.24 0.00 0.00
bed F1-2 0 0.18 0.00 1100 4.6 8.3 12.4 1.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.2 876 3.67 2.13 0.00 0.00
Draw roof 0 0.17 0.00 600 2.5 4.5 6.7 2.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.8 600 2.51 2.24 0.00 0.00
Fupper 0 0.23 0.00 1197 5.0 9.0 13.4 1.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.6 954 4.00 2.11 0.00 0.00
Flower 1 0.38 0.38 2.6 2340 9.8 17.6 26.3 1.67 0.63 0.11 0.17 6.20 10.9 1857 7.78 1.87 0.71 5.52
F/E 1 0.00 0.00 2.2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00
E 1 0.44 0.44 2.2 2896 12.1 21.7 32.5 1.56 0.69 0.15 0.22 8.32 11.6 2302 9.64 1.76 0.78 7.48
E/D 1 0.00 0.00 1.8 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00
Mine- D 1 0.00 0.00 1.8 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00
able D/C 1 0.20 0.20 1.8 596 2.5 4.5 6.7 2.14 0.43 0.02 0.03 1.07 4.8 596 2.49 2.24 0.45 1.12
bed C 1 0.57 0.57 1.6 2926 12.2 22.0 32.9 1.56 0.89 0.19 0.29 10.86 11.6 2327 9.74 1.76 1.00 9.76
C/B 1 0.11 0.11 1.0 778 3.3 5.8 8.7 2.08 0.23 0.01 0.02 0.74 5.7 778 3.26 2.20 0.24 0.79
B 1 0.54 0.54 0.9 4340 18.2 32.6 48.8 1.36 0.73 0.24 0.36 13.31 10.3 3562 14.91 1.51 0.82 12.18
B/A 1 0.14 0.14 0.4 365 1.5 2.7 4.1 2.22 0.31 0.01 0.01 0.47 3.5 365 1.53 2.30 0.32 0.49
A' 1 0.09 0.09 0.2 1927 8.1 14.5 21.7 1.76 0.16 0.02 0.03 1.27 10.0 1532 6.41 1.95 0.18 1.13
A'/A 1 0.02 0.02 0.2 602 2.5 4.5 6.8 2.13 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.11 4.8 602 2.52 2.24 0.04 0.11
A 1 0.13 0.13 0.1 3610 15.1 27.1 40.6 1.45 0.19 0.05 0.08 2.85 11.5 2900 12.14 1.64 0.21 2.58
Bottom 0 1.00 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.3 0 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00
Sum/ average 5.28 2.62 2.62 2515 10.5 18.9 28.3 1.64 4.29 0.81 1.21 45.20 9.6 2070 8.66 1.81 4.75 41.17
italic - extrapolated geological data m m kcal/kg MJ/kg % % t/m3 t/m2 t/m2 t/m2 GJ/m2% kcal/kg MJ/kg t/m3 t/m2 GJ/m2
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
22 mi.ttu.ee
Separation sheet (Estonia mine) OIL SHALE SEPARATING MODEL
ESTONIA MINEUnits: mm % MJ/kg
RUN-OFF-MINE 0…600 100 8.2
GRINDING0...300
SCREENING 0…100 100…30076 8.4 24 8.6
SCREENING 0…25 25…10028 10.2 48 6.6
SCREENING 25…100 0…2547 6.6 1 10.8 0...25
SEPARATING 25…100 25…100 100…300 100…30017 13.7 30 2.5 17 11.6 7 1.3
DEWATERING1 13.8 16 13.7 Limstone aggregate
AMOUNTCALORIFIC
VALUEENERGY
OUTPUT 0…6 0…40 % MJ/kg GJ
FINE OIL SHALE 46 10.8 5.0LUMP OIL SHALE 16 13.7 2.2
LIMESTONE 37 2.4 0.9SLURRY 1 11.0 0.1TOTAL 100 8.2 8.2
GRINDING Balance
Class AMOUNTCALORIFIC
VALUE
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
23 mi.ttu.ee
Oil shale oil processing devises
Processing deviseAverage oil
yield %Years
Processed mill t oil shale
1921… 80.31953 … 14
Horizontal or Fusion retort 16 1923…1931 0.004Davidson`s retort 19 1931…1961 1.4
1955…1968 2.71929…1975 14.41928…1941 0.8
Chamber retort 5 1947…1987 55.91953…1981
2006…1980… 7.7
Amount 13 since 2002 179.3
Pintsch’s generator or vertical retort or Kiviter-process
Tunnel generator
2.2
16
21
13Solid heat carrier generaator (SEC) or Galoter-protsess
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
24 mi.ttu.ee
Oil shale combusting devises
Thermal power plants boilersCapasity,
GWPulverized firing 2Circulating fluidized bed 0.4
Balti Power Plant Eesti Power Plant
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
25 mi.ttu.ee
Efficiency of oil shale usage
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20
Calorific value, MJ/kg
Eff
icie
ncy
of u
nits
, %
LOS Aproximation
Pulver combusting Aproximation
Circulating fluidized bed Aproximation
SEC-generatorsarea
kl ,
%.MJ/kgQ min,
MJ/kgCirculating fluidized bed 98.3 34.5 0.35Combusting in boiler TP17 92.2 81.2 0.88Solid energy carrier (SEC) 85…90 80…100 0.5…1Lump oli shale processing (LOS) in vertical retort
85.3 118 1.38
UtilizerCoeficients of formula efienciety
= k - l / Q,where:Q - Calorific value, MJ/kgk - the marginal efficiency in a given , achieved using highest quality raw material, %l - the equation parameter, MJ/kg, as related to the minimum raw material qualityl = k Qmin .
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
26 mi.ttu.ee
Oil shale based building materials
Oil shale ash is a valuable mineral-rich raw material - used in the construction industry and farming
Sept 16 2007 MAEGS15- OIL SHALE USAGE- Ingo Valgma
27 mi.ttu.ee
THANK YOU FOR THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTIONYOUR ATTENTION!!
Enno Reinsalu ere@cc.ttu.ee Ingo Valgma ingo.valgma@ttu.ee Erik Väli erik.vali@ep.ee